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FOUNDBD  BV   JOHN    D.    ROCKKFBLI.KK 


THE  GENERAL  CIVIL  AND  MILITARY 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  NORICUM 

AND  RAETIA 


A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED    TO    THE    FACULTY    OF    THE    GRADUATE    SCHOOL     OF     ARTS 

AND    LITERATURE    IN    CANDIDACY    FOR    THE    DEGREE 

OF    DOCTOR    OF    PHILOSOPHY 

(department  of  latin) 


BY 

MARY   BRADFORD   PEAKS 


CHICAGO 

THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   CHICAGO  PRESS 

1907 


Copyright  1907  By 
The  Untveesity  of  Chioaqo 


Published  July  1907 


Composed  and  Printed  By 

Tbe  University  of  Chicago  Pto«» 

Chicago,  Illinois,  U.S.A. 


THE   GENERAL   CIVIL  AND    MILITARY 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  NORICUM 

AND  RAETIA. 

By  Mary  Bradford  Peaks. 

The  paper  here  presented  was  at  first  intended  to  form  Chap- 
ters II  and  III  of  a  "History  of  the  Provinces  of  Noricum  and 
Raetia,''  the  material  for  which  has  been  grouped  as  follows: 

Chapter         I.   A  General  Survey. 

1.  The  Tribal  Period. 

2.  The  Period  of  Government  by  Procurators. 

3.  The  Period  of  Military  Importance. 

4.  The  Decline  of  Roman  Authority. 
Chapter       II.   The  Governors. 
Chapter     III.   The  Army. 

Chapter      IV.  The  Finances. 

Chapter        V.  The  Roads. 

Chapter      VI.  Local  Affair.s. 

Chapter    VII.  Reli^on. 

Chapter  VIII.  Industries  and  Products. 

Chapter      IX.  Emigration  and  Immigration. 

As  it  is  hoped  that  the  other  chapters  may  appear  later,  the 
original  form  of  this  portion  has  been  altered  as  little  as  possible 
in  revising  it  for  separate  publication.  Some  peculiarities  in  the 
order  of  topics  and  in  the  cross-references  are  due  to  this  fact. 
The  time  of  Constantine  is  adopted  as  the  lower- limit  in  the 
present  article. 

The  author's  choice  of  subject  does  not  indicate  a  belief  that 
Noricum  and  Raetia  formed  a  political  or  military  unit;'  on  the 
contrary,  the  study  of  the  two  countries  was  pursued  separately 
until  it  was  discovered  that  together  they  afforded  an  unusually 
illuminating  example  of  the  way  in  which  the  Roman  system  was 
adapted  to  varying  conditions.      In  what  is  local,  social,  commcr- 

iCf.  pp.  173,  D.  7;  192,  n.  4. 

161 


16142.5 


162  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

cial,  the  two  adjacent  provinces  offer  interesting  contrasts;  in  all 
that  has  to  do  with  the  Empire  and  especially  with  their  mission 
as  guardians  of  the  Upper  Danube  frontier,  Noricum  and  Raetia 
were  alike,  and  from  their  likeness  one  may  gather  much  informa- 
tion when  the  evidence  for  either  alone  is  fragmentary.  The  facts 
with  regard  to  each  province,  however,  have  been  kept  separate 
within  the  different  chapters  and  subdivisions.  It  is  believed 
that  this  method  is  likely  to  yield  a  truer  picture  of  the  Roman 
world  than  is  obtained  when  the  investigation  is  arbitrarily  limited 
by  the  boundaries  of  a  modern  state. 

The  extent  of  the  author's  indebtedness  to  the  writings  of 
Cagnat,  Cichorius,  Hirschfeld,  Jung,  Liebenam,  Momm8en,0hlen- 
schlager,  Schiller,  and  others  will  be  evident  from  the  footnotes; 
among  her  instructors  grateful  acknowledgment  is  made  especially 
to  Professor  Frank  Frost  Abbott,  at  whose  suggestion  this  work 
was  begun,  and  by  whose  scholarly  instruction  and  unfailing 
helpfulness  its  execution  was  made  possible. 

REFERENCES  AND  ABBREVIATIONS. 

All  dates  are  a.  d.  41/54="at  some  date  between  41  and  54,  inclu- 
sive;" 41-54="  from  41  to  54,  inclusive." 

When  no  ambiguity  would  arise,  CIL.  is  omitted  in  references  to  the 
Latin  Corpus.     D.=diploma  militare  {CIL.  III). 

In  printing  inscriptions, means  "omitted  as  irrelevant,"  .  .  .  . 

means  "  not  extant." 

References  in  the  form  Noricum  1,  Raetia  1  are  to  the  lists  of  gov- 
ernors beginning  p.  170  and  p.  185  respectively,  or  in  more  condensed 
form,  pp.  182,  194. 

The  following  works  are  regularly  cited  by  means  of  abbreviations: 
Allen=G.  H.  Allen,  Centurions  as  Substitute  Commanders  of  Auxiliary 

Corps,  Roman  Historical  Sources  and  Institutions  ("Univ.  of  Mich. 

Studies,"  Vol.  I).    New  York,  1904. 
Ann.  Ep.  —  Vann^,e  ^,pigraphique.     Paris,  1888-. 
Arnold =H.   Arnold,    "Das    rSmische    Heer    im    bayerischen    Ratien," 

Beitrage  zur  Anthropologic  und  Urgeschichte  Bayems,  XIV,  pp. 

43-100.    Munich,  1902. 
Bonn.  Jahrh.=Jahrhiicher  des   Vereins  von  Alterthumsfreunden  im 

Rheinlande.    Bonn,  1842-. 
Cagnat =R.  Cagnat,  Uarm6e  romaine  d'Afrique.     Paris,  1892. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOBIOUM    AND    RAETIA  163 

CIL.  =  Corpus  inscriptiontim  Latinarum.     Berlin,  1863-. 

CIRh.  =  \V.  Brambach,    Corpus   iiutcriptionuin    Rhennnarum.     EUjer- 

feld,  1867. 
CJohen=H.  Cohen,  MMaillea  imp^-iales.     Paris,  1880-92. 
Dessau=H.  Dessau,    hiacriptiont^a  Ixitinae  selectae.     Berlin,  1892-. 
Diz.  Ep.  =  ^.  De  Ru^giero,  Dizionario  epigrafico  di  antichitd  romane. 

Rome,  1895-. 
DS.  =  Daremberg'   et   Saglio,    Dictionnaire   des    anficjuiMs   grecques   et 

Toinaines.     Paris,  1873-.     (Especially  the  article  by  R.  Cagnat,  s.  v. 

Legio.) 
Eckhel=J.  Eckhel,  Doctrina  niunormn  x^eterum.     Vienna,  1792- . 
EE.=EphemeruH  epigraphica.     Berlin,  1872-. 
Franziss^F.  Franziss,  Baijem  zur  Romerzeit.     Regensburg,  1905. 
Hirsehfeld,  Sitz.=0.  Hirschfeld,  "Die  ritterlichen  Provincialstatthalter," 

Sitzungsberichte  der  kOnigl.  preuss.  Akad.  d.   Wissenschaften  zu 

Berlin,  1889,  pp.  417  flF. 
Hirschfeld,    Verw.=0.  Hirschfeld,    Untersuchiingen  auf  dem  Gebiete 

der  rOm.  Verivaltungsgeschichte :  I,  Die  kaiser  lichen  Venvaltungs- 

beamten.     Berlin,  1877. 
IG.=Inscriptiones  Graecae.     Berlin,  1873-. 

IGR.= Inscriptiones  Graecae  ad  res  Romanas pertinentes.    Paris,  1904-. 
Itin.  Ant.=G.  Parthey  et  M.  Pinder,  Itinerarinm  Antonini  Augusti. 

Berlin,  1848. 
Jung,  Dac.=J.  Jung,  Fasten  der  Provinz  Dacien.     Innsbruck,  1894. 
Jung,  R6m.=S.  Jung,   ROmer  und  Romanen  in   den   Donaul&ndem. 

Innsbruck,  1887. 
Kammel=0.  Kammel,  Die  Anfdnge  deutschen  Lebens  in  Oesterreich. 

Leipzig,  1879. 
Lieb.  Beitr.='W .  Liebenam,  Beitrdge  zur    Verwaltungsge.schichte  de^ 

r6m.  Kaiserreichs :    I,   Die   Laufbahn    der   Procnratoren.     Jena, 

1886. 
Lieb.  ^aestt.^'W .  Liebenam,  Quaestionum  epigraphicarum  de  imperii 

Romani  adminMratione  cajnta  selecta.     Bonn,  1882. 
Lieb.   Fe?^i;.  =  W.  Liebenam,  Forschungen  zur   Verwaltungsgeschichte 

des  rOm.  Kaiserreichs:   I,   Die  Legaten  in   den  rOm.  Provinzen. 

Leipzig,  1888. 
Marq.= J.  Marquardt,  ROmische  Staatsvenvaltung.     Leipzig,  1881-84. 
MB.^Musife  beige.     Paris,  1897-. 
Not.  Dign.=0.  Seeck,  Notitia  dignitatum  accedunt laterculi  pro- 

vinciamm.     Berlin,  1876. 
Nowotny=E.   Nowotny,    "Ein    uorisches    Militfirdiplom    des   Traian," 

Festschrift  far  Otto  Benndorf,  pp.  267  ff.     Vienna,  1898. 


164  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

y^  Ohl.  Progr.=F.  Ohlensch lager,  Die  rdm.  Truppen  im  rechtsrheinischen 
Bayern,  Programm  des  konigl.  Maximilians-Gymnasiums.     Munich, 
1883/84. 
Ohl.  Sitz.-F.  Ohlenschlager,  "Das  Regensburger  rom.  Militardiplom," 
"  Sitzungsberichte  d.  phil.-hist.   Classe  d.  konigl.  bayer.  Akad.  d. 

Wiss.  zii  Munchen,  IV,  pp.  225  ff. 
ORL.=Der  ohergermanisch-raetische  Limes  des  Romerreiches.     Heidel- 
berg, 1894-. 
^  Planta=P.  C.  Planta,  Das  alte  Rdtien.     Berlin,  1872. 
Pros.=Frosopographia  imperii  Romani.     Berlin,  1897-. 
PW.=Pauly-Wissowa,  Real-Encyclopadie  der  classischen  Altertums- 
wissenschaft.     Stuttgart,  1894-.     (Especially  the  articles  by  Cicho- 
rius,  s.  vv.  Ala,  Cohors.) 
Sch.=H.  Schiller,  Geschichte  der  romischen  Kaiser zeit.     Gotha,  1883-87. 
Script. =11.  Peter,  Scriptores  historiae  Augustae.     Leipzig,  1884. 
Tab.    PeMf.=Scheyb-Mannertus,    Tabula    itineraria     Peiitingeriana. 
Leipzig,  1824. 
--  Urban =K.  Urban,   Das   alte  Rdtien   und  die  romischen  Inschriften. 

Magdeburg,  1889. 
^    Vaschide=V.  Vaschide,  Histoire  de  la  conquSte  romaine  de  la  Dacie. 
Paris,  1903. 
Zippel=G.  Zippel,  Die  rdmische  Herrschaft  in  Illyrien  bis  auf  Augustus 
Leipzig,  1877. 


PART  I.     THE  GOVERNORS. 
I.    Introductory  Statement. 

PROCURATORES  AND  PRAEFECTI.' 

Tith's. — For  a  brief  period  after  the  RoiiiuTi  conquest,  Raetia 
was  in  charge  oi  a  pracfectns,"  whose  province  also  included  Vin- 
delicia  and  the  Vallis  Poenina,  with  the  command  of  the  auxiliaries 
of  the  region.  From  some  date  prior  to  T)!)  a.  d.,'  perhaps  under 
Claudius,*  until  1()7/1()9  A.  u.^  it  was  under  a  procurator  Augusti 
provinciae  Raetiae,  who,  following  the  outbreak  of  the  Marcoman- 
nic  war,  was  given  increased  power  and  the  title  procurator  et  pro 
legato;*  this,  however,  was  but  a  temporary  exjiedient,  pending 
the  arrival  of  the  legion  designed  for  this  province. 

That  Noricum  was  ever  governed  by  a  praefectus  is  le.ss  likely, 
because  its  condition  when  conquered  was  such  that  there  was  no 
need  to  fear  a  revolt  against  Roman  control;'  still  the  title  of  the 
first  known  procurator  (procurator  in  Norico;  under  Claudius) 
may  perhaps  go  back  to  an  earlier  form  like  praefectus  civitatium 
in  Norico." 

Term  of  ojjice. — The  list  of  procuratores  provinciae'  Noricae 

<  Jung.  ROm.  pp.  .3;J  ff.  J  Ra«tiH  1. 

3Raetia2;  Tac.  Hist.  i.  11 :  duao  Mauritaiiiae,  Ruotia,  Noricum,  Tliraocia  ot  <iuh«i  aline 
procuratoribus  cohibentur. 

♦  Full  referoiices  on  this  poiut  will  be  Kiven  in  the  completed  worlf. 
5  Raotia  9,  10;  p.  205.  «  Raetia  10. 

7  It  was  exhausted  by  recent  wars  with  the  Boii  and  the  Getao ;  see  n.  1. 

8  Noricum  1 ;  Hirschfeld,  Sitz.  p.  42.'). 

^ Xachh&c\\,  Sitzungsber.  d.  Wiener  Akail.  (jihil.-hint.  Classe),  XXXV,  p.  ."i,  followed  by 
Mommson.  CIL.  Ill,  p.  5S8;  KAmmol,  pp.  4X,  .V);  Mar.j.  1.290;  Sch.  I.  222.  and  others  (cf.aleo 
Zippel,  pp.  275  ff.),  promulRatod  the  doctrine  that  Noricum  during;  the  time  that  it  wa;*  kot- 
erned  by  procurators  was  a  rosnum  rather  than  a  provincia.    The  facts  are  brieHy  as  follows: 

1.  The  country  is  called  repnum  Noricum  five  times  durioK  the  peri<Mi  in  <iuestion  (Voll. 
ii.  109.  5;  Suet.  Tib.  16;  CIL.  VI.  1599;  VIII.  9.363;  III.  11.54.3  (Noricum  6.  20,  24 »  )  and  four 
times  even  after  the  arrival  of  an  imperial  IcKato  [CIL.  VI.  1.546  (Noricum  2.5);  III.4H00; 
4797;  482«),  the  latest  case  being  in  239  A.  D.  (III.  4800).  Now,  these  last  four  instanroa 
obviously  illustrate  the  retention  in  popular  speech  of  a  familiar,  thouKh  no  longer  exact, 
term  ;  one  of  them,  VI.  1546,  is  shown  to  be  colloquial  in  character  by  the  use  of  ijuiniiuo- 
fascalis  for  legatus,  and  the  other  throe  are  inscriptions  of  freodmen  revenue  ofliciaU.  Why 
may  not  the  same  explanation  apply  to  the  five  earlier  cases  as  wullT    It  is  certainly  unsaf* 

165 


166  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

is  unusually  complete,'  especially  for  the  time  of  Antoninus  Pius.' 
Since  seven  governors  can  be  dated  with  certainty  as  coming 
within  the  twenty-three  years  of-  his  reign,  while  ten  or  eleven 
more  probably  also  belong  there,  the  average  term  of  office  at 
that  period  was  less  than  a  year  and  a  half. 

Duties.^ — The  procurator  commanded  the  auxiliary  troops 
stationed  in  his  province,^  and  had  civil, ^  and,  in  at  least  one  case,' 
criminal  jurisdiction  (ius  gladi). 

Bcnejiciarii  procuratoris  Norici. — The  procurator  of  Noricum 
was  assisted  by  one  or  more'  beneficiarii,  from  twenty-three  of 
whom*  we  have  inscriptions,  mostly  dedications  to  I.  O.  M.,' 
ranging  in  date  from  Trajan  to  M.  Aurelius.'"  The  function  of 
these  officials  is  uncertain;"  the  older  explanation,  that  they  com- 

to  interpret  strictly  a  mere  parenthetical  explanation  of  locality  like  Suet.  Tib.  16.  while 
Veil.  ii.  109.  .5  is  offset  by  Veil.  ii.  39.  3.  Such  a  laxity  in  desipruation  as  has  been  suggested 
occurred  also  in  the  case  of  roguum  Cottium  (see  CIL.  V,  pp.  808  f.),  and  can  easily  be  paral- 
leled today,  e.g.,  in  the  use  of  the  Colonial  "shilling,"  wliich  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
United  States  still  lingers  after  more  than  a  century. 

2.  Noricum  is  called  provincia  (iirapxia)  four  times  before  M.  Aurelius  (Veil.  ii.  39.  3; 
Tac.  ^7m.  ii.  63;  Ptol.  ii.  13.2;  CIL.  IX.  4753  (Noricum  4)  ).  On  Aschbach's  theory  these 
must  be  explained  as  inaccuracies. 

3.  There  is  no  evidence  that  the  retention  of  "den  altcn  stolzeu  Namen  KOnigreich" 
(Kammel,  p.  48;  cf.  Sch.  I.  222)  was  accompanied  by  any  greater  freedom  from  Roman  con- 
trol than  in  the  case  of  any  other  procuratorial  province.  Noricum  was  treated  no  better 
than  Raotia.  which  had  previously  been  neither  a  unified  kingdom  nor  an  ally  of  Rome.  The 
comparison  with  the  regna  of  Egypt  and  the  Cottian  Alps  is  misleading  because  these  were 
under  praefecti ;  the  history  of  Raetia  shows  that  government  by  praefecti  was  not  the  same 
as  government  by  procurators,  but  was  a  preliminary  stage  used  for  communities  not  fully 
organized  or  trusted. 

4.  A  partial  collection  of  the  material  does  not  bear  out  the  supposition  that  hesitation 
was  felt  in  applying  the  term  provincia  to  a  district  ruled  by  procurators;  see,  for  example, 
Raetia  3,  .5,  6,  9,  10;  accident  or  custom  seems  to  be  the  controlling  factor  in  the  name. 

In  view  of  all  these  considerations  it  seems  more  probable  that  provincia  was  the  ofii- 
cial  designation. 

I  Noricum  1-24.  2  Noricum  6-22  or  23.  a  Lieb.  Quaestt.  pp.  43  ff. 
*Noricnm2,  7;  Raotia  9;  hence  the  assumption  that  Sextilius  Felix  (Noricum  3)  and 

Ti.  lulius  Aquilinus  (Raotia  4)  were  procurators. 

6  Noricum  10.  'Raetia  3. 

'Three  cases  of  two  (Noricum  7, 12, 16;  see  pp.  182  f.)  and  two  of  three  (Noricum  9,  17) 
beneficiarii  of  the  same  procurator  are  recorded,  but  it  is  not  known  whether  they  served 
simultaneously. 

"For  list,  see  pp.  182  f. 

9III.  rAlG  is  to  Epona;  11826  is  an  epitaph  ;  14362,  p.  23-281"'  is  doubtful  (Noricum  17,  9, 
22;  cf.  p.  183,  n.l). 

10  While  the  province  was  ruled  by  legates,  similar  dedications  were  made  by  bf.  cos. 
leg.  Illtal.,  seepp.  2C0f. 

II  JnnK,I>.7C.  pp,177f. ;  AJS.  IV,  pp.  400  f. ;  Cagiiat,  p.  127  ;  Diz.  £/>.  I.  992  tT.;  WcstdeuUchc 
Zeitschrift,XXl.  158  fl. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NORIOUM    AND    RAETIA  lf)7 

manded  detachments  of  auxiliaries,  seems  inapplicable  hero,  for 
the  completeness  of  the  series  is  entirely  out  of  pro{)ortion  to  the 
military  importance  of  Noricum  at  this  time;'  some  secretarial  or 
other  contidential  duty  is  more  probable. 

Rank. — The  procurator  of  Noricum  was  a  centenarius.'  He 
outranked  the  procurators  of  Sicily,"  Lusitania,'**  Thrace,'  Asturia 
and  Gallaecia;'*  probably  also  those  of  Pontus,*  Judaea,'  Sar- 
dinia,' Africa;'  he  was  of  less  importance  than  the  procurator 
of  Mauretania*  or  Raetia.*  His  relation  to  the  procurator  Panno- 
niae  superioris  and  the  procurator  XX  hereditatium  is  uncertain.'" 

The  procurator  of  Raetia  was  probably  a  ducenarius;"  his 
oflBce  was  of  the  same  grade  as  the  procuracy  of  Mauretania 
Caesariensis;'''  lower  than  that  of  Belgica  et  utraque  Germania," 
or  of  Lugdunensis,'*  higher  than  that  of  Cilicia,'*  Lusitania,'"  Dacia 
superior,'^  Cappadocia,'*  Pontus'*  mediterraneus  et  Armenia  minor 
et  Lycaonia  Antiochiana,'*  Noricum."  As  the  greater  part  of  the 
inscriptions  is  of  the  time  of  Pius,  the  evidence  is  not  sufficient  to 

'  Liebenam,  iiuaestt.  p.  46,  in  arguing  for  a  military  fuoctidn,  hays:  "ii  heneflciarii 
qaorum  tempus  definire  possunaus  Antoiiinorum  aotati  asscribendi  videntur  cum  in  pro- 
vinciis  circa  Danubium  sitis  novae  neque  exiguae  barbarorum  incursiones  aut  ex.specta- 
bantur  aut  factae  sunt."  In  point  of  fact,  however,  the  series  b"gins  under  Trajan  (Noricum 
4,  p.  182),  i.  e.,  before  the  need  for  increased  armament  was  felt  (p.  211). 

^Hirschfeld,  Verw.  p.  261,  n.  1.    The  time  of  Pius  is  meant,  unloss  otherwise  indicated. 

s Noricum  4  (under  Trajan). 

<Cf.  Raotia  G;  Lieb.  Beitr.  p.  22.  In  Liobonam's  table,  Beitr.  p.  35,  Noricum  should  b« 
above  Lusitania,  and  tlierefore  above  Sicily  and  ('ilicia.  Hirscbfeld,  Sitt.  p.  424,  n.  52,  rightly 
objects  to  placing  Noricum  below  the  Alpine  states. 

6Noricum6.  <>  Noricum  8.  '  Noricum  22.  "  Noricum  2.3;  20(1) ;  cf.  n.  10. 

•Noricum  2.3;  cf.  the  restoration  of  Noricum  8. 

10 Lieb.  Beitr.  p.  62:  "Auffftllig  wenigstens  ist,  dass  die  Procuratnren  von  Lusitanien 
nnd  Noricum  sowohl  vor  als  nach  der  proc.  XX  hereditatium  vorwaltct  werden."  His 
authority  for  Noricum  is  evidently  Noricum  20  (Beitr.  p.  93);  ho  does  not  use  Noricum  4  in 
this  connection.  It  is,  however,  not  absolutely  clear  whether  the  cursus  of  Noricum  20  is  to 
be  taken  in  ascending  or  descending  order,  a  difliculty  which  Liebonam  apparently  felt,  for 
on  pp.  93  and  ;t")  (by  placing  Pannoiiia  superior  above  Noricum)  he  adopts  the  desccndiug 
order,  but  prefers  the  reverse  in  his  table  for  Pannonia,  p.  37  (cf.  p.  23).  If  Mauritaniae  be 
supplied  with  the  last  item  of  CIL.  VIII.  9363  (cited  p.  176),  the  cursus  of  Noricum  20  is 
ascending,  which  would  fit  in  well  with  the  seeming  unimportance  of  Pannonia  superior. 
On  the  other  hand,  in  the  case  of  Noricum  4  (ander  Trajan ),  proc.  XX  horeditatiam  precedes 
proc.  prov.  Noricae. 

11  Hirschfuld,  Verw.  p.  260,  n.  5. 

la Raetia  6;  Raetia  8  =  Noricum  23;  cf.  Noricum  20;  Lieb.  Beitr.  pp.  27,  35. 

13  Raetia  6;  cf.  Noricum  6.  >*  Kautia  5  =  Noricum  8.  <&  Raetia  6;  cf.  Noricum  4 

>«  Raetia  9. 


168  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

show  any  chronological  variations  in  the  grade  of  Raetia  during 
its  rule  by  procurators,  nor  indeed  is  there  any  reason  to  suppose 
that  such  existed  in  the  case  of  either  Raetia  or  Noricum,  since, 
after  they  had  once  been  thoroughly  subdued,  their  commercial 
and  strategic  importance  must  have  been  fairly  constant  until 
M.  Aurelius/  As  both  stood  near  the  head  of  the  list  of  procura- 
cies, they  were  in  general  held  only  by  men  who  had  previously 
been  provincial  procurators  elsewhere ;  but,  in  the  first  century  at 
least,  this  requirement  was  not  absolute  in  the  case  of  primipili  II.* 

LEGATI  PRO  PRAETORE. 

Titles. —  From  about  170  A.  d.'  until  the  reforms  of  Diocletian, 
Noricum  and  Raetia  were  ruled  by  legati  Augusti  pro  praetore,* 
called  informally  quinquefascales*  (Trevra/aaySSot^)  and  praesides,' 
who  were  also  the  legati  legionis  II  Italicae  and  legionis  III 
Italicae  respectively.^ 

Rank. — Until  the  middle  of  the  third  century  they  were  prae- 
torii,'  sometimes  consules  designati;"*  later  a  previous  legionary 
command,  which  before  had  been  usual,''  became  the  only  requi- 
site.'■  The  legates  of  Noricum  were  lower  in  rank  than  those  of 
Germany,'^  Hispania  citerior,'*  Asia,'*  and  Numidia.'^  The  legates 
of  Raetia  were  lower  than  those  of  Upper  Germany  and  Britain,'® 
or  Pannonia  inferior;"  higher  than  those  of  Thrace  and  Moesia 
"superior.'* 

Duties.^* — The  inscriptions  show  that  the  legati  in  Noricum 
and  Raetia  commanded  legionary^  and  auxiliary'"  forces,  took  part 

•  Lieb.  Beitr.  p.  27,  and  n.  2;  government  by  apraofectus  is  an  argumont  for  rather  than 
against  the  early  importance  of  Raetia ;  cf.  pp.  185,  n.  3,  214,  211. 

2  Noricum  1 ;  cf.  Raetia  3.  »  Pp.  196,  205.  ♦  Noricum  25-33 ;  Raetia  11-22. 

s Noricum  25.  ""'Raetia  13.  "  Noricum  30,  p.  179,  n.  5. 

•*  Raetia  11,  15 ;  Noricum  26 ;  hence  the  inclusion  of  Noricum  31  in  a  list  of  the  provincial 
legati. 

9  Noricum  2.5-27,  .31;  Raetia  11,  18,  20;  Lieb.  Verw.  p.  461;  Jung.  Dae.  p.  iv. 

19  Noricum  26 ;  Raetia  11.  n  Noricum  25,  26 ;  Raetia  20.  12  Raetia  21,  22. 

13  Noricum  25.  i«  Noricum  27.  I5  Noricum  33.  16  Raetia  12.  n  Raetia  20. 

18  Lieb.  Verw.  pp.  449  ff. 

i«  Noricum  31;  Raetia  16;  cf.  p.  166  and  n.  4. 


ADMINISTRATION    OP    NOBICIM    AND    RAIVriA  !♦',<) 

in  active  military  operations,'  aupt'rintendod  the  construction  (jf 
fortifications^  and  roads,^  and  shared  in  the  worship  of  the 
imperial  family*  and  the  j^^enius  of  the  legions.* 

PRAESIDES  AND  DUCES  LIMITANEI. 

Title.s. —  Under  Diocletian,  at  least  as  early  as  290  a,  d.,*  the 
military  was  separated  from  the  civil  administration,  the  latter 
being  intrusted  to  praesides  provinciae  Norici  mediterranei,' 
Norici  ripensis,*  and  Raetiae,"  the  former  to  duces  limitis  Raetitu,'" 
and  duces  limitis  Pannoniae  primae  et  Norici  ripensis."  In  the 
fourth  century  Raetia  too  was  divided,'^  and  praesitles  Raetiae 
primae  and  Raetiae  secundae  are  mentioned.'* 

Rank. — All  the  above  were  viri  perfectissimi;'*  in  the  Xutitin 
digiiitahim  the  duces  are  also  called  viri  spectabiles.'"' " 

Duces  limitis  Rnetici. — The  mention  in  the  historians  of  duces 
limitis  Raetici  as  early  as  the  middle  of  the  third  century  raises  a 
perplexing  question  as  to  the  date  when  duces  were  instituted.'* 
Was  the  separation  of  the  two  branches  of  the  government  a 
gradual  one,  beginning  under  Alexander  Severus?'*  That  is,  were 
there  occasionally,  in  times  of  extreme  peril,  duces  as  well  as 
legati?  (One  may  compare  the  Republican  practice  of  appoint- 
ing a  dictator  to  take  charge  of  the  military  duties  of  the  two 
consuls.)  Or  did  the  Scriptores  historiae  Augustae  employ  the 
terminology  of  their  own  time  for  events  of  the  previous  century?" 

1  Noricum  27  ;  Raetia  18,  20.  -'  Noricum  32  :  Raotin  14-16. 

3  Noricum  2X  ;  Raetia  19.  ♦  Raetia  IT.  »  Noricum  2rt.  «  Raotia  27. 

'Noricum  37-39.  »No  inscriptions;  Xol.  Dign.Occ.  i.  89.  »  Raotia  27-31. 

10 No  inscriptions;  at  a  later  time  called  also  dux  Raetiao  primao  et  socundao.  Sot. 
Dign.  Occ.  i.  43;  v.  139;  xxxv.  13. 

n  Noricum  34-36;  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  i.  40;  v.  138;  xxxiv.  13. 

12  Between  297  a.  d.  (Latere.  Veron.  2.10.  x.)  and  38.")  A.  d.  ( Latere.  Pol.  Silt:  2rA.  l.'i  f.).  cf. 
Sch.  II.  47,  n.  .5 ;  Planta.  pp.  183  ff. 

13  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  i.  92  f. 

1* Though  no  evidence  is  availabl'j  for  the  dux  Raetiae,  his  rank  was  und<>ubto<lly 
the  same. 

i5  0hl.S«z.  p.  228. 

16  Sch  I.  773;  Marq.  I..J.J7  and  a.  9;  accordinn  to  Arnold,  Roman  Sj/item  of  Provinctal 
Administration,  pp.  l.")6  f.,  the  chauRO  b«Kan  uudor  Aurolian. 

n  So  Aureiius  Victor,  de  Caes.Zit.  (cited  p.  192)  says  "  apud  Raotias,"  etc.,  allhoaub 
Raetia  was  not  divided  till  long  after  the  date  referred  to. 


170  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

The  confusion  would  have  been  natural,  since  dux'  (like  praeses') 
had  been  a  loose,  general  term  for  military  commander  long  before 
it  acquired  a  technical  meaning.-  Of  these  two  hypotheses,  the 
second  is  perhaps  the  more  reasonable. 

II.     The  Governors  of  Noricum. 

PROCUKATORES  AUGUSTI  PROVINCIAE  NORICAE.^  * 

1. 

Claudius  41/54 

C.    BAEBIUS    P.    F.    CLA.    ATTICUS^ 

_  CIL.  V.  1838,  1839  (lulium  Camicum):  C.  Baebio  P.  f.  Cla.  Attico, 
II  vir.  i.  [d].,  primopil.  leg.  V  Macedonic,  praef.  c[i]vitatium  Moesiae  et 
Treballia[e,  prajef.  [cijvitat.  in  Alpib.  maritumis,  t[r].  mil.  cob.  VIII  pr., 
primopil.  iter.,  procurator.  Ti.  Claudi  Caesaris  Aug.  Germanic!  in 
Norico,**  civitas  Saevatum  et  Laiancorum. 

1  Noricum  27 ;  other  citations  in  Lieb.  Quacstt.  pp.  55  f . 

2  P.  179,  n.  5.  A  new  and  puzzling  bit  of  evidence  is  afiorded  by  a  series  of  milestones 
erected  by  praes(ides)  p(rovinciae)  P(onti),  dating  in  279  and  282/283  a.  d.  (Am.  Jour,  of 
Arch.  IX.  328  f.,  nn.  76,  78,  79;  X.  431  if.;  Am.  Jour,  of  Phil.  XXVII.  449).  Does  this  mean 
that  the  change  to  praesi.ies  (in  the  technical  sense)  becan  bef<ire  Diocletian?  The  whole 
question  of  duces  and  praesides  needs  to  be  thoroughly  investigated. 

3 In  this  list  and  those  which  follow  no  attempt  is  made  to  attain  completeness  except 
in  matters  which  directly  concern  the  term  of  office  in  Noricum  or  Raetia. 

*■  See  Seidl,  Sitzungsber.  d.  Wiener  Akad.  (phil.-hist.  Classe),  XIII,  pp.  62  ff . ;  Marq.  I.  290, 
n.  6;  Lieb.  Quaestt.  pp.  72  f. 

(".  Antonius  Rufus  (III.  .5117  ;  .5122;  cf.  Pros.  I.  104,  n.  693;  CIL.  III.  1435129,  3ii,  32-34)  ^as 
not  proc.  (prov.  Noricae),  but  an  official  of  the  revenue  and  postal  service;  see  p.  165,  n.  4 
and  ROm.  Mitt.  VIII,  pp.  195  ff.,  especially  p.  200. 

!>Pros.  I.  223,  n.  7;  Dessau,  1349.  Liebeuam,  Beitr.  p.  28,  n.  3.  says:  "C.  Baebins  Atticus 
war  wohl  nur  Verwalter  der  Domftnen  des  Kaiser  Claudius,  denn  in  Noricum  gab  es  zahl- 
reiche  kaiserliche  Giiter  (III.  5695:  dominica  rura).  Baebius  war  vorher  nur  primipilus  II, 
wahrend  die  andern  Procuratoren  von  Noricum  sclion  ziemlicli  wichtige  Provinzen  verwaltet 
hatten."  It  is,  however,  a  well-established  fact  that  the  priniipilate  gave  its  possessor  a 
decided  advantage  in  his  later  career  (Lieb.  Qu(xestt.  pp.  21  f.,  33  f. ;  cf.  also  pp.  34-36,  and 
Hirschfeld,  Verw.  p.  232,  n.  2).  Now  of  the  undisputed  procurators  of  Noricum  there  is  only 
one  who  is  known  to  have  been  primipilus  II,  namely,  M.  Bassaeus  Rufus  (Noricum  6); 
before  his  term  in  Noricum,  he  had  been  procurator  of  Asturia  and  Gallaecia  only,  the 
lowest  in  grade  of  all  procuratorial  provinces  {Beitr.  p.  30);  moreover,  in  commenting  on 
the  later  cursus  of  this  same  Bassaeus  Rufus,  Licbonam  (Beitr.  p.  28)  says  that  the  impor- 
tance and  rank  of  the  governor  of  Noricum  had  greatly  increased  since  the  early  empire  (but 
see  p.  168).  There  soems,  then,  to  bo  no  more  reason,  in  this  case  than  in  many  oth^Ts,  to 
doubt  that  procurator  moans  procurator  provinciae.  It  is  not  surprising  that  the  title  at 
this  early  date  is  expressed  informally.  As  for  the  "domnica  rLura]"  (sic.  cf.  III.  11827),  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  words  occur  in  a  fragmentary  poetical  epitaph  of  uncertain 
date,  origin,  text,  and  meaning. 

6  P.  165. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NORICUM    AND    BAETIA  171 


Otho  69.  Hprin^' 

PETBONIUS    URBICI'S' 

Tac.  Hist.  i.  70:  ipse  (^Caecina)  paulum  cunctatus  »'.st,  riutn  KarticiH 
iu^s  in  Noricum  flecteret  adversus  Pftronium  Urbicum  (MSS.  iirhi)  pro- 
curatorem,  qui  coucitis  aiixiliis  et  interriiptis  fluiniiiuni  p()iitil)us  fidiw 
Othoni  putahatur. 

CIL.  III.  11551  (Viruuum):  ....  us  Urbictis  prcx-.  Au^'wst 

3. 

Vespasian  00,  late-70 

SEXTILIUR    FELlx' 

Tac.  Hist:  iii.  5:  opposita  in  latus  auxilia,  infesta  Ra«-tia.  cni  Porcius 
Septimius^  procurator  erat,  incorruptae  erf,M  Vitellium  fidoi.  if,'itur  Sex- 
tilius  Felix  cum  ala  Auriana  et  octo  cobortil)ns  ac  Noricorum  iuventute* 
ad  occupandam  ripani  Aeni  fluminis,  quod  Raetos  Noricosque  int+rfluit, 
missu.s,  nee  his  aut  illis  proelium  temptantibus.  fortuna  partiuin  aUbi 
transacta. 

Tac.  Hist.  iv.  70: Sextilius  Felix  cum  auxiliariis  cohortibus  per 

Raetiam  inrupere;  accessit  ala  singularium,  excita  olim  a  Vitellio,  deinde 
in  partes  Vespasiani  transgressa.    praeerat  lulius  Brigjinticus .* 

As  the  commission  of  Petronius  Urbicus  (Noricum  2)  would 
cease  with  the  defeat  and  death  of  Otho,*  Sextilius  was  quite  pos- 
sibly the  procurator  of  Noricum  under  Vespasian.  See  p.  lt)6 
and  n.  4, 

4. 

Trajan  106/117 

[t.?]     PBIFEBNIUS    p.    F.    QUI.    PAETUS    MEMMIUS    APOLLINARIs' 

CIL.  IX.  4753  (Keate):  [T.]  Prifemio  P.  f.  Qui.  Paeto  Memmio  Apol- 
linari,  IIII  vir.  iur.  die.  quinq.,  mag.  iu.,  praef.  coh.  Ill  Breuc,  trib.  leg. 
X  gem.,  praef.  alae  I  Asturum,  donis  douato  exptnl.  Dae.  ab  Imp.  Tra- 
iano  hasta  pura,  vexillo,  corona  murali  (proj^ably  in  102  a.  d.),  proc.  pro- 
vinc.  Sicil.,  proc.  provinc.  Lusitan.,  proc.  XX  her.,  pnK-.  prov.  Thrac..* 
proc.  prov.  Noricae,  P.  Memmius  P.  f.  Qui.  Apollinaris  patri  piiHsimo. 

III.  5179(Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  Surus.  S-  Memmi  Apoll.  proc.  Aug.,  v.  b.  1. m 

1  Froi.  III.  31,  n.  240.  "P.  Zl^,  n.  19;  Sch.  I.  504. 

a  Proa.  III.  235,  n.  459.  •  Liob,  QuaeMtt.  p.  43. 

3Raetia2.  7  Pro..  III.  94.  n.  6S»0. 

i  P.  211.  *P-  IC",  DU.  4.  10. 


172  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

Since  at  least  five  years  must  have  elapsed  between  Memmius's 
Dacian  campaign  and  his  term  of  oflBce  in  Noricum,  106  a.  d.  is 
the  earliest  possible  date  for  the  latter;  while,  as  Trajan  was  living 
when  the  inscription  was  cut,  117  A.  d.  marks  the  lower  limit. 

5. 
Trajan  or  Hadrian  After  106 

Q.    OAECILIUS    REDDITUS' 

III.  5163  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  Ant6nius  Maximus,  ©.  Q.  Caecili  Redditi 
proc.  Aug-.,  V.  s.  1.  m. 

D.  XCVIII  (105  A.  D.): cohort.  I  Britanuicae  oo  c.  R.,  cui  praest 

Q.  Caecilius  Redditus, . 

The  procuratorship,  therefore,  was  after  105,  but  probably  not 
later  than  Hadrian. 

6. 
Antoninus  Pius  145  circ./161 

M.    BASSAEUS    M.    F.    St[eL.]     RUFUS^ 

CIL.  VI.  1599:  M.  Bassaeo  M.  f.  St[el.]  Rufo,  pr.  pr.  limjperatorura 
M.  Aureli  Antonini  at  [L.]  Aureh  Veri  et  L.  Aureli  Commodi  Augg., 
[cjonsularibus  oruamentis   honorato  [e]t  ob  victoriam  Germanicam  et 

Sarmatic.  [A]ntoniui  et  Commodi  Augg. donato,  praef.  Aegypti, 

praef.  [ann.  aut  vig.],  proc.  a  rationibus,  proc.  Belg[icae  et  du]arum 
Germaniarum,  proc.  regni  [Norijci,  proc.  Asturiae  et  Galleciae,  trib. 
[coh.  .  ,  ]  pr.,  trib.  coh.  X  urb.,  trib.  coh.  V  vigul.,  p.  p.  bis, . 

III.  5171  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  .  .  Liciniu[sl  Hilarus,  [bf.  M.  B]assaei 
Rufi  [proc.  Au]g.,  v.  s.  1.  m.- 

Bassaeus  Rufus  was  made  praefectus  praetorio  between  161 
and  169  a.  d.^  His  procuratorship  in  Noricum  under  a  single 
Augustus,*  being  prior  to  that  date,  was  not  later  than  161. 
Before  governing  Noricum,  he  had  filled  one  administrative  and 
five  military  positions;  still,  as  late  as  177,^  he  was  not  too  old 
for  active  military  service,  nor  for  the  office  of  praefectus  prae- 
torio. He  could  scarcely  therefore  have  served  in  Noricum  before 
about  145. 

I  Pros.  I.  252,  n.  52;  PW.  III.  12.31,  n.  104;  CIL.  III.  1421423. 

'^Pros.  I.  230,  n.  57  ("ipso  posuit  procurator III.  .5171"  is  an  error) ;  PW.  III.  103, 

n.  2.    P.  170,  n.  5. 

3  CIL.  VI.  1599;  cf.  IX.  2438  (about  168  A.  d.)  nil.  5171. 

5  Commodus  is  called  Aug.  in  VI.  1599 ;  Hirschfold,  Verw.  pp.  226  f. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOBICUM    AND    KAETIA  173 

7. 
Antoninus  Pius  168 

ULPIUS     VK^TOr' 

D.  LXIV  (153  A.  D.): in  iil(is)  IV  et  coh(ortibu8)  XIV  [et  sunt  in 

Norico  s]ub  Ulpio  Victore . 

CIL.  III.  5161  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  Adnamius  Flavinus,  ©.  Ulpi  Victoria 
proc.  Aug.,  V.  s.  1.  m. 

III.  5169  (Celeia). 

Adnamius  Flaviuus  was  beneticiarius  also  forllsienus  Secundus,* 
who  was  procurator  in  158  a.  d.  Ulpius  then  belongs  to  this 
same  period;  hence  it  is  probable  tliat  D.  LXIV  is  riglitly  under- 
stood to  refer  to  this  command.* 

8.    (=Raetia  5) 
Antoninus  Pius  Probably  before  165 

latin(us)    {or  LATrN(lUS))    PI    .    .    (or   pl   .    .    )* 

XII.  1857  (Vienna):  Latin.  PI  ...  .  [leg]ato  ....  [leg.]  Aug.  pro 
pr.  [prov.  Lugujdunens.,  adlecto  in[ter  praetor.'  ab]  Imp.  Caes.  T,  Aelilo 
Hadriano  Antonino  Aug.]  Pio  |p.  p.,  •  •  •  •  praef.  class.]  Mifsenat.,  proc. 
provinc.  Lug]udu[nens.,  proc.  provi]nc.  [Rlaet[iae,  proc.  prov.*]  Nor., 
pro[c.  provinc]  Pou[ti,  subpraef.  vehjiculor. 

If  the  restoration  given  is  correct,'  this  man  held  oflBce  in 
Noricum  long  enough  before  161  for  him  to  fill  four  other  posi- 
tions during  the  life  of  Pius,  i.  e.,  probably  not  later  than  155. 

1  Pros.  III.  465,  n.  578.  2  Noricum  9. 

3  Nowotuy,  p.  272,  argues  from  the  large  number  of  alae  and  coliortes  that  this  frag- 
mentary diploma  refers  to  the  auxiliaries  in  Raetia,  not  those  in  Noricum;  the  place  of 
fludinR  (('astra  Retina)  affords  eome  slight  confirmation  for  this  view:  cf.  Urban,  p.  19. 
There  is,  however,  ground  for  believing  tiiat  tlie  armament  of  Noricum  was  incroasfd 
between  107  and  l.'ia  (p.  211);  so,  for  example,  ala  I  Aug.  Tliracum  (p.  21ti)  was  transferred 
from  Raetia  to  Noricum  between  107  and  140  144;  there  is  tlien  no  ditliculty  in  ansuming  a 
similar  history  for  ala  II  Fl.  p.  f.  «,  especially  as  it  is  omitted  in  the  Raetian  diplomata 
dating  later  tlian  153  (p.  21.")).  Ulpius  Victor,  moreover,  is  known  from  two  other  inscrip- 
tions to  have  been  procurator  of  Noricum  not  far  from  l.V<  a.  i>.  It  in  of  cours"  not  imp<>8- 
sible  that  aftertcards  (cf.  p.  167)  in  15:1  he  was  procurator  in  Raetia  (cf.  Noricum  .''  = 
Raetia  5;  Noricum  23=Raetia  8). 

*  Prog.  II.  267,  n.  82.  SHirBchfeld.  Verw.  p.  245,  n.  a.  •Cf.  p.  IGS.  n.  9. 

'The  restoration  propoBcd  by  Hirschfeld  in  the  Corpus: fproc.  provi  Inc.  |  R]nnt[ine 

et  regni]  Nor. ,  is  faulty  because  it  implies  tliat  Noricum  aiid  Raetia  were  united  under 

one  procurator,  an  assumption  for  which  there  is  not  a  particle  of  iK)sitivo  evidenc*',  and 
which,  when  one  bfiars  in  mind  the  early  history  of  tlie  two  provinces,  their  opposition  iu  r.9, 
(Noricum  2,  :i;  Raetia  2;  .Jung,  Rfiiii.  p.  35),  and  their  complete  separation  during  ai.d  after 
the  period  of  military  occupation,  appears  extremely  improbable.  The  rank  of  the  two 
provinces,  moreover,  was  not  the'same  (p.  167). 


174  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

9. 

Antoninus  Pius  158 

USIENUS    {or   USENUS)    SECUNDUS' 

III.  5166  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  Q.  K^ninius  Lucdnus,  ©.  Usieni  Secundi 
pr6c.  Aug.,  V.  s,  1,  m.     Tertul.  et  Sacerd.  cos.  (158  a.  d.) 

III.  5162  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  Adnamius  Flavinus,'-'  ©.  Useni  Secundi 
proc.  Aug.,  V.  s.  1.  m. 

III.  11826  (Lauriacum):  Verino  Verionis  f.,  ©■  Useni  Secun. . 

10-12. 
The  next  three  governors  can  be  dated  only  approximately  as 
having  held  office  during  the  reign  of  Antoninus  Pius,  138-161  A.  D. 

10. 
CAECILIUS    lUVENTIANUS' 
III.  5182  (Celeia):  [  .  .  .  .  bf.  C]aecili  .  .  v,  entiani  proc.  Aug. 
Digest,  xlviii.  18.  10,  pr.:   de  minore  quattuordecim  annis  quaestio 
habenda  non  est,  ut  et  divus  Pius  Caecilio  luventiano  rescripsit. 

11. 

L.    CAMMIU[S]    SEOUNDi[nUS]* 
CIL.  III.  5328  (Solva):   M.  Gavi[o]  Maxim[ol  praefec[to]  praetor[io] 
L.  Cammiu[8]  Secundi[nus]  p.  p.,''  praef.  leg,  X  .  .  .  ,  proc.  Aug.,  amico. 
Gavins  Maximus  was  praefectus  praetorio  from  138  to  158.' 

12. 

0.    OENSORIUS    NIGER' 

III.  5181  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  M.  Ulpius  Crescens,  »  C.  Censori  Nigri 
proc.  Aug.,  V.  s.  1.  m.     Cf.  III.  5174  (Celeia). 

Niger,  after  receiving  promotion  from  Pius,  lost  favor  with 
him.     He  died  while  Pius  and  Gavins  Maximus  were  still  alive.* 

1  Pros.  III.  491,  n.  689.  2(:f.  Noricum  7.  3p,os.  I.  249.  n.  37;  PW.  III.  1201,  n.  59. 

*Pro8.  I.  296,  n,  ;i04;  PW.  III.  14,3:3.  As  there  is  no  clear  example  of  a  proc.  Aug.  prov, 
Noricae  (or  Raetia'^)  who  had  not  previously  ruled  another  province  or  held  the  primipilato 
for  the  second  time  (p.  168),  it  is  uncf  rtaiu  whether  or  not  Secuudiiius  was  a  provincial 
procurator.  A  similar  doubt  which  is  somotimis  expressed,  e.g.,  Licb.  Beitr.  p.  28,  n.  3, 
with  regard  to  other  instances  of  proc.  Aug.,  seems  less  well  grounded  in  the  case  of  those 
who  are  mentioned  in  the  long  series  of  dedications  by  beneficiarii ;  all  of  these  about  whom 
we  have  other  information  (Noricum  4-7,  10)  prove  to  have  been  governors;  in  the  absence, 
tlierefore,  of  imJications  to  the  contrary,  the  others  of  similar  form  (Noricum  12-19)  would 
naturally  refer  to  the  same  officials,  especially  as  inscriptions  of  other  kinds  of  procurators 
are  not  found  at  Coleia. 

1  Perhaps  of  legio  XIII  gemina,  cf.  CIL.  Ill,  p.  1045  ad  n.  46G0,  5. 

6  Hcript.  Fius,  8.  7;  Proa.  II.  112,  n.  60.  1  Pros.  I.  337,  n.  547  ;  PW.  III.  1910,  n.    . 

*Fronto,  ad  Pium,  pp.  164  ff.  (ed.  Naber),  '^specially  p.  165. 


ADMINISTBATION    OF    NOBICUM    AND    BAETIA  175 

13  21. 
No  evidence  is  known  for  dating  Noricum  13-21.  The 
inscriptions  for  Noricum  13-19,  which  are  similar  in  form  to 
the  inscriptions  of  beneficiarii  of  Noricum  4-7,  9,  10,  12,  and 
which  (with  the  exception  of  15)  were  found  like  them  at  Celeia, 
probably  belong  to  about  the  same  period,  namely,  the  reign  of 
Pius  or  a  little  earlier.  The  title  in  each  case  is  indicated  by 
proc.  Aug.,  hence  they  surely  precede  161  a.  d. 

13. 

0.     ANTISTIUS     AUSPEX' 


III.  5173  (Celeia). 


III.  5170  (Celeia). 


14. 

DBUSIUS     PBO0[ULUS]* 


15. 

EGNATIUvS     PBISCUS* 

III.  11759  (luvavum). 

16. 

FLAVIUS     TITIANUS* 

III.  5164;  5172  (Celeia). 

17. 
Q,  LISINIUS  SABINUS' 
III.  5167;  5168;  5175;  5176  (Celeia). 


III.  5177  (Celeia). 


18. 
PLAUTIUS    CAESIANUS' 


19. 


III.  5165  (Celeia). 

1  Pro».  I.  8.5,  n.  590. 

»Cf.,  perhaps,  CIL.  IX.  506;  Pros.  II.  29,  n.  171.  «Oinitt»d  in  Pro*,  an.l  PW. 

*Pr<>a.  II.  76,  n.  25,3.  Sovoral  men  of  the  namo  are  known,  but  thoro  ia  not  siifliciont  oti- 
dence  to  connect  any  of  them  with  this  procurator.  The  moat  likely  is  thu  T.  Flarius  Titia- 
nus  {Prox.  II.  77.  n.  257),  who  in  164-166  A.  D.  was  praefeotua  Aouypti.  Cf.  the  oursua  of 
M.  Bassaeus  Rufus  (Noricum  6). 

» fro*.  11.289,  n.  196.  «  Pro*.  III.  45.  n.  .'^9.  ' /'r.>«.  III.  125,  n.  21. 


176  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

20. 

Ti.  claud(ius)  ti.  fil,  fal,  prisoianus' 
VIII.  9363,  p.  974  (Caesarea):  Ti.-Cl.  Prisciano,  proc.  Aug.  proc,  pro- 

vinciae  Pannoniae  superioris,  proc.  regni  Norici,  proc,  XX  hereditatium, 

prov.  provinciae . 

VIII.  9364  (Caesarea).  

X.  3849 (Capua):  Claud.  Ti.  fil.  Fal.  Priscianus  proc.  XX  hereditatium. 

21. 

M.   PORCIUS  VERUS'' 

III.  5317  (near  Marburg):  M.  Porcius  Verus  proc.  Aug.  me  posuit. 

22. 

M.(?)   CLAUDIUS  PATERNUS  OLEMENTIANUS' 

III.  14362,  p.  2328>»'  (Virunum):  G(enio)  s[a]crum  [bf.  ?  Cl]audi 
Paterni  Clemen tiani  proc.  Aug.  [celjlam  col[u]mnas  p[avi]menta  porti- 
cum  .... 

III.  5776  (Abudiacum,  Raetia):  CI.  Pater[nu]s  Clement[i]a[n]us,  proc. 
[Au]g.  provincia[rum]  lud.  v.  a.  1.,  Sar[din.],  Africae,  et  .  .  .  .  ,  praef.  eq. 
[alae]  Silianae  [torq.  c.  R.],  trib.  milit[um]  leg.  XI  C[l.],  pra[ef.  coh.  clas- 
sic] .... 

III.  5775;  5777  (Abudiacum). 

It  is  uncertain  whether  Noricum  or  Raetia  was  the  province 
ruled  by  this  man.  The  inscription  from  Noricum  (III,  14362), 
however,  is  concerned  with  building  operations — probably  under 
the  charge  of  a  beneficiarius  —  in  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the 
province.  The  tituli  from  Raetia  all  come  from  a  compara- 
tively unimportant  town  and  are  of  a  private  nature:  III.  5777  is 
the  epitaph  of  the  mother*  of  Clementianus ;  5775  and  5776  give 
his  cursus  in  a  form  such  as  would  be  suitable  to  place  upon  a 
building  erected  through  his  generosity.  Hence  it  would  seem 
slightly  more  probable  that  the  country  governed  by  Clementia- 
nus was  Noricum,  while  his  home  was  in  Raetia.^  It  is  of  course 
not  sure  that  he  was  procurator  of  either  province. 

1  p.  167,  n.  10;  Pros.  I.  393,  n.  770;    PW.  III.  2845,  n.  285.'  2  Pros.  III.  89,  n.  646, 

3  0hl.  Prog.  p.  24;  Pros.  I.  391,  n.  756;  PW.  III.  2840,  n.  262.    Mommsen's  attempted  iden- 
tificatiou  of  this  Cletneutianus  with  the  Clem  ....  of  III.  11947  (Abusina)  is  impossible, 
that  inscription  is  correctly  said  to  be  of  the  third  century. 

*Pros.  1,406,  n.  860. 

SThe  opposite  was  true  of  T.  Varius  Clemens,  Raetia  G.    Cf.  Jung,  ROm.  p.  39  and  n.  2. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NORICUM    AND    RAETIA  177 

If  the  M.  Claud.  Pateruus,'  who  was  a  friend  t»f  T.  Dt-stieiuB 
Severus,  procurator  of  Raotia  in  166/  was  the  same  man,  the  date 
cannot  be  many  years  earlier  than  101,'  the  last  year  when  proc. 
Aug.  of  III.  14362  would  be  possible. 

23.   (=Raetia8) 

Antoninus  Pius  or  M.  Aurelius  Effore  167 

SEX.    BAIUS  PUDENS* 

IX.  4964=Dessau,  1363  (Cures):   D.  [M.]  Sex.  Bai[o  Pudenti  .  .  .  .   j 

proc.  Aug it^m  ....  Norici,  R<ietia»' Vind('lic|i;u',''  Maurl«'tiiiiiae 

Caesar. . 

Baius  was  governor  of  Mauretania  in  167/169,  probably  in  167.* 

24. 
M.  Aurelius  and  L.  Verus  161/169 

[a]el(ius)  maxim  [us] 

III.  11543  (Virunum): [p]roc.  Augg.  n[n].  r.  N. 

The  dates  given  are  the  only  ones  possible  for  two  August! 
before  legati  replaced  procurators. 

LEGATI  AUGUSTI  PRO  PRAETORE  PROVINCIAE  NORICAE.' 

25. 

M.  Aurelius  or  later  After  168 


VI.  1546,  p.  3142:  ....  [leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov iltem   Ger- 

m[aniae] ,  [quin]que[f]asc.*  reg[ni  Norici,"*  leg.   le^.  VIII  CI.  [p.Jf., 

praetor[i]. 

iNotiz.d.Scavi,  1H8.5,  p.  175  (cited  p.  187);    CIL.  III.  mm.  uRaPtiaS. 

a  Jnng,  Dae.  pp.  79  f.;  Marq.  I.  421.  n.  2. 
*  Pros.  I.  225,  n.  29;  PW.  11.  2781  f. 

6  It  must  not  be  assumed  that  Haius  rulod  Noricum  and  Raetia  at  tlie  same  time;  ■«• 
p.  173,  n.  7;  Lieb.  Beilr.  p.  27. 

« VIII.  208.34;  208:«;  2(1961;   21007. 

7  Marq.  I.  291,  n.  .3;  Lieb.  Ferir.  pp.  .'IOC  ff.     For  Snbi(uiis|,   locate  in  19«  2i«.  wf  refer- 
ences given  under  Raetia  19. 

8  Pro*.  III.r>00.  n.  38. 

9  Marq.  I.  550  and  n.  5;  Lieb.  Verw.  p.  44C  and  n.  3. 
•oQr  reg[ionis  Transpad.]. 


178  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


Commodus  191 

C.  MEMMIUS  C.  P.  QUIR.  FIDUS  lULIUS  ALBIUS' 

III.  15208  (Lauriacum) :  Genio  leg.  II  Ital.  p(iae)  M.  Gavius  Firmus 

p.  p.  Vellin.  Firmo  Picen.,  dedicante  C.  Memmio  Fido  lul.  Albio  cos.  des., 

leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  XIIII  K.  Oct.  Aproniano  et  Bradua  cos.  (Sept.  18,  191) 

VIII.  12442  (Viua):   C.  Memmio  C.  f.  Quir.  Fido  lulio  Albio  cons., 

sodali  Titio,  leg.  Aug.  pro  pr.  prov.  Noricae, leg.  Aug.  leg.  VII 

Claudiae, . 

27. 
Septimius  Severus  194 

TIB.    OL(aUDIUS)    CANDIDUS 
II.  4114  (Tarraco): 


Tib.  CI.  Candido  cos. 


XV  vir.  s.  f.,  leg.  Augg. 

pr.  pr.  provinc.  H(ispauiae)  c(iterioris), 

et  inea  duci  terra  marique 
5  adversus  rebelles  h.  h.  p.  p.  (=hostes  publicos^), 

item  Asiae,  item  Noricae, 

duci  exercitus  Illyrici 

expeditione  Asiana  (194  a.  d.),  item  Parthica  (195  a.  d.), 

item  Gallica  (196/197),  logistae  civitatis 
10  splendidissimae  Nicomedensium, 

item  Ephesiorum,  leg.  pr.  pr.  provinc. 

Asiae,  cur.  civitatis  Teanensium, 

allecto  inter  praetorios, . 

Candidus  was  probably  legate  of  Noricum  at  the  time  when  he 
took  part  in  Sevenis's  eastern  expedition.* 

1  Pros.  II.  363,  n.  340;  cf.,  perhaps,  IGR.  III.  368. 

^On  the  reading  in  line  5,  see  PW.  cited  below  in  n.  3. 

3  Wilmanns,  Exempla  inscr.  Lat.  1201  (followed  by  Sch.  I.  714;  Dessau,  1140,  and  in  th» 
main  by  Jung,  R6m.  p.  .36,  n.  1 ;  PW.  III.  2691,  n.  96)  reads  in  lines  5  and  6:  adversus  rebelles 
H(i8paniae),  h(ostes)  p(opuli)  R(omani),  |  item  Asiae,  item  Noricae,  making  the  last  two 
genitives  depend  upon  rebelles,  and  inferring  that  Noricum  supported  Clodius  Albinus  against 
Septimius  Severus.  That  seems  unlikely,  however,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  legion  in  Nori- 
cum was  honored  by  Severus  in  193  and  again  before  200  (p.  197).  The  political  sympa- 
thies of  Noricum  were  always  with  Panuonia  and  the  other  Danubian  provinces  rather  than 
with  the  West.  Then,  too,  this  construction  as  a  parallel'to  Hispaniae  and  Asiae  would 
require  Norici,  not  Noricae,  which  is  not  used  alone  as  the  name  of  the  province.  The 
explanation  given  in  the  text  is  that  of  Liebenam,  Verw.  p.  61,  who  considers  lines  4  and  5 
parenthetical  and  construes  item  Asiae,  item  Noricae  with  logatus  in  line  2.  Noricae  is  then 
taken  closely  with  provinc(iao),  thus  avoiding  one  dilliculty  in  the  older  interpn-tation. 
The  cursus  is  descending  as  far  as  the  legateship  of  Noricum  with  its  accompanying  extra- 
ordinary command.    As  the  latter  naturally  suggests  the  similar  purely  military  commands 


ADMINISTRATION    OP    NORICUM    AND    RAKTIA  \1\) 

28. 

Septimius  Severus  2q1 

M.  lUVENTIUS  M.  F.  FAB.  SUBUS  PBOCULUS' 

III.  5712;  5715;  5717;  5746;  11837  (milestones  of  Noricuin,  r.-Htornd 
in  201  A.  d): curante  M.  luventio  Suro  Proculo  \o<^.  pr.  pr. . 

V.  4360  (Brixia):  .  .  .  .  M.  f.  Fab.  Suro  Pnxiulo  [IIIJ  III  viroeq.  Rom. 

29. 
Septimius  Sevenis  .\fter20r)T 

POLLENIUS   SEBENNUS^ 

Dio,  Ixxvi.  9.  2,  3  (205  a.  D.  ?): UoWrjvitf  'S.e^cyvt^   8Ur]   n/xiupo? 

airrjvTr)cr€v.  c/cSo^eis  yap  viro  SajStVov  Tois  Nwpucoi?,  o)v  d/>^a«  ovBiv  xfiW'^^ 
(TreTTOiijKei,  alaxto'Ta  iriirovde- xai  el  /xr]  8ia  t6v  "AoTroxa  rov  ddov  airrov 

<^Cl8oVS   €TV)(€,   Kav   aTTOiXwKei  OLKTpw^.* 

CIL.  III.  5537  (luvavum): b.  Pollieno  Aemiliano  .  .  . 

Possibly  this  fragmentary  iuscriptiou  refers  to  the  legate 
mentioned  by  Dio. 

30. 
Caracalla  Before  215 

M.    MUNATIUS    SULLA    OEBIALIS* 

III.  11743  (Kugelstein):  Ercuili  at  Victoriae  Aug.  sacr.  pro  sal.  et  [a"|dv. 
M.  Munati  Sullae  Ce[r]iali.s  c.  v.,  op.  [pr]es.^  et  integ.,  |  Vlibena  Vilx'ni 
et  Finitus  Corbi  maritus  1.  v.  s. 

Sulla  Cerialis  was  undoubtedly  legatus  of  Noricum ;  he  wna 
consul  in  215  a.  d. 

which  folluwod  it  in  quick  snccession,  these  are  loosely  added  in  chronological  order  QDtil 
the  writer  arrives  at  his  startinR-point,  the  struggle  with  Albious  in  Oaul  and  Spain  ;  finally 
the  descending  order  is  resumed. 

Pros.  I.  362,  n.  668  stranKoly  ignores  the  worda  item  Asiae,  item  Noricaa. 

1  P.  165,  n.  4;  Proa.  II.  2.56,  n.  598. 

^Pros.  III.  60,  n.  411.  Liebenam,  Venn.  p.  2>«,  wrongly  assumes  the  iilontity  of  tha 
Pollenius  Sobennus  in  Dio  and  the  Pollonius  Auspex  of  the  coins  and  acta,  althouRh  th« 
latter  (Prai.  III.  60,  n.  410)  is  undoubtedly  Dio's 'Aatro^  (of.  BoissoTain'a  not©  on  Dio,  toe. 
cit.)  and  the  uncle  of  the  legato  of  Noricum. 

3  Juuif.  ROm.  p.  40;  Arnold,  Rom.  Frov.  Aiimin.  pp.  118  f. 

*Pro«.  II.  392,  n.. 5.38. 

^Praesfis  at  this  early  date  is  not  technical  (cf.  CIL.  V.  *'>tiO)  and  should  not  boniTnn 
as  the  official  title,  as  is  done  in  tho  ProKoimgraphia  (soo  u.  I) ;  CIL.  III.  .5216,  n.,  commit* 
a  similar  error.  See  Moramsen,  .S(aaf«^e<■/l^  II.  240  and  n.3;  Liob.  Quactll.  pp.  .54  56;  Verto. 
pp.  4ft4f.;   Hirachfeld,  Sitz.  pp.  427  f.;  CIL.  III.  p.  246.1. 


180  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

31. 

Caracalla  or  Elagabalus  211/222 

Q.    HEBENNIUS    SILVIUS    MAXIMUS' 

IX.  2213  (Telesia):  Q.  Herennio  Silvio  Maximo  c.  v.,  legat.  leg.  II 
Italicae   et   alae  Antoninianae,  iurid.  per   Calabr.    Lucaniam   Brittios, 

pr. . 

32. 

Probably  early  in  the  3d  century 

P.    COSINIUS    FELIX^ 

III.  15208i  (Lauriacum;  "litteris  non  malis"):  [Imp.  Caes Aug.] 

restitui[t  cur.]  P.  Cosinio  [Felice  ?  leg.]  Aug.  p[r.  pr.]. 

Severus,  Caracalla,  and  Macrinus  were  the  most  active  in 
building  and  restoring  roads,  etc.,  in  this  region. 

33. 

Valerian  and  Gallienus  260  or  before 

C.    MACRINIUS    DECIANUS^ 

VIII.  2615  (Lambaesis): C.  Macrinius  Decianus  v.  c,  leg.  Augg. 

pr.  pr.  prov.  Numidiae  (260  a.  d.*)  et  Norici, . 

The  legateship  of  Noricum  would  naturally  precede.^ 

DUCES  LIMITIS  PANNONIAE  PRIMAE  ET  NORICI  RIPENSIS.« 

34. 

Maximinus,  Constantine,  and  Licinius  310 

aur(elius)  senecio 

III.  5565,  11771  (Bedaium):  Victoriae  Augustae  [sac]rum  pro  salutem 
[dd.]  nn.  Maximini  et  [Con]stantini  et  Licini  [sejmper  Augg.,  Aur.  Senecio 
[v.  p.]  dux  templum  numini  [ei]us  ex  voto  a  novo  fieri  iussit  per  instantiam 
Val.  Sambarrae  p.  p.  eqq.  Dalm.  Aquesianis  comit.'  1.  1.  m.  ob  victoria 
facta  IV  K.  lulias  Andronico  et  Probo  cos.     (June  28,  310) 

1  Pp.  212, 168  and  n.  8.    Pros.  II.  139,  d.  94;  Jung,  Dae.  p.  xxiii,  n.  47. 

2?.  C'osinius  Felix  was  also  legate  of  Pannonia  inferior,  III.  3421;  Pros.  I.  474,  n.  1251; 
Lieb.  VervK  p.  3.34.  The  date  given  by  Liebenam  is  too  early,  becaube  of  the  occurrence  of 
Augg.  in  III.  3421. 

3Sch.  I.  818;  Pros.  II.  313,  n.  17.  *CIL.  VIII.  •  047.  6  Lieb.  Kerwt.  p.  461. 

OiVot.  Difin.  Occ.  i.  40;  v.  138;  xxxiv.  13.  '  P.  214. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOBICUM    AND    BAETIA  1 S' 1 

Dioclotiau  or  later 

aure[l(ius)]   iustinianus 

III.  4039  (Poetovio):  templum  deii  sol.  iuv.  Mit.  Aure[ll.  Iii.stiuiaiius 
V.  p.  dux  labefactatum  restituit. 

36. 
Diocletian  or  later 

URSICINUS 
III.  4656-4658,    11350,   pp.   2328"'"  (Pann.  sup.,  Carnuntum   and 
vicinity):  p.  1059;  11853-11855,  13536,  p.  2328"  (Noricum,  in  and  ne^r 
Lauriacum):  bricks  marked  temp(erante)'  Ursicino  v.  p.  duc(e)  leg.  II 
Ital.  alar(um)  (or  pet^),  or  some  similar  form.^ 

PRAESIDES  PROVINCIAE  NORICI  MEDITERRANEI.* 

37. 

Galerius  and  Maximinus  Daza  311 

aur(elius)  hermodorus 

III.  4796  (Virunum):  D.  I.  M.  templum  vetusta(te)  conlahsuni  (juot 
fuit  per  annos  amplius  L  desertum  Aur.  Hermodorus  v.  p.,  p.  p.  N.  m.  t., 
a  novo  restitui  fecit,  quot  edificatum  est  divo  Maximiano  VIII  et  Maxi- 
mino  itr.  A(u)gg.  con.,  Quar(tinio)  Ursiniauo  cur. 

38. 

Constantine  323/337 

FAB(iUS)    CLAUDIUS 

III.  5326  (Solva):  d,  n.  Fl.  Val.  Constantino  Maximo  beatissimo  ac 

supra  omnes  retro  principes  piissimo  et  victoriosissimo  semper  Augusto 

b.  r.  p.  n.    Fab.  Claudius  v.  p.,  p.  p.  N.  m.  t.,  d.  u.  m.que  eius  semper. 

39 

Constans  337/:i50 

martinianus 

III.  5209  (Celeia):  d.  n.  Fl.  Constanti  clemeutissimo  adque  victore 
Augusto  Martinianus  v.  p.,  praeses  provinciae  Norici  medit.,  d.  n.  m.  eius. 

1  in,  p.  2328197.  till.  4656,  li:«0,  p.  2328". 

3  P.  199.  Bricks  of  another  type:  of(flcina)  arn.  Ursicini  m(a)B(istri)  (III.  486M,  11375, 
p.  2328'9')  are  frequent  in  Pannonia  superior;  ouo  example,  11856  (to  be  restored  [of.  arjn. 
Ursicini  in(a)K')  was  perhaps  fo<in(l  in  Nuricum.  A  third  variety,  also  from  Paunonia 
soperior,  mentions  legio  X  g(emina) :  11350  e,  m,  p.  2328  '*'. 

♦Marq.  I.  291,  n.  4. 


182 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


ry  of  the   Governors  of  Noricum,  including  a  List  of  Beneficiarii 
Procuratoris. 


4. 


Emperor  and  Date 

Claudius 

41/54 
Otho 

69,  spring 
Vespasian 

69,  late  -70 
Trajan 

106/117 


Trajan  or   Ha- 
drian 

5.  After  105 

Antoninus  Pius 

6.  145  circ./161 

7.  153 


PROCDRATORES 

C.  Baebius  Atticus 

Petronius  Urbicus 

Sextilius  Felix 

[T.]  Prifernius   Paetus 
Memmius  Apollinaris 

Q.  Caecilius  Redditus 

M.  Bassaeus  Rufus 
Ulpius  Victor 


Beneficiarii  i 


Sums 


(5179)^ 


8.  Probably  Latin.  Pi . . 

before  155  (=  Raetia  5) 

9.  158  Usienus  Secundus 


Caecilius  luventianus 
L.  Cammiu[s]    Secun- 
di[nus] 


Ant6nius  Maximus 

(5163) 

Liciniu[s]  Hilarus 

(5171) 

Adnamius  Flavinus 

(5161) 

C.  Fuscinius  Catullus 
(5169) 


Adnamius  Flavinus 

(Cf.  7)  (5162) 

Q.   Kdninius    Lucfinus 
(5166) 
Verinus  Verionis  f. 

(11826,  Laiu-iacum) 
(5182) 


1  p.  166.  Cauer,  EE.  IV,  pp.  388  f .,  gives  six  of  the  nineteen  beneficiarii  published  in  the 
part  of  the  Corpus  to  which  he  had  access;  Liebenam,  Quaestt.  pp.  44  ff.,  adds  one  name;  De 
Raggiero,  Diz.  Ep.  I.  9!)5,  independently  of  him,  adds  two  others  to  Gauor's  collection.  The 
recent  indices  to  CIL.  Ill  for  the  first  time  give  a  list  which  is  practically  complete. 

III.  .5689 ;  11811,  p.  iJ200  are  fragments  of  inscriptions  concerning  beneficiarii  of  unknown 
procurators. 

2  The  numbers  of  the  inscriptions  in  CIL.  Ill  are  given  in  parentheses  after  the  names 
of  the  beneficiarii.    Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  stones  were  found  at  Celeia. 


ADMINISTRATION    OP    NOBICUM    AND    KAETIA 


183 


E 

mperor  and  Date 

PROCURATORES 

HcDoflcinrii 

12. 

Antoninus  Pius 

C.  Censorius  Niger 

L.  Mt's.sius  Frontinus 

(5174) 
M.  Ulpius  Crescens 

Probably  under 

(6181) 

Pius 

13. 

C.  Antistius  Au.spex 

Ma.sclinius  Succ«»ssuk 
(6173) 

14. 

Drusius  Proc[ulus] 

Gemelliu[s]  Adiutor 

(6170) 

IB. 

Egnatius  Priscus 

M.  Ulp.  Philipp(h]u« 
(11769,  luvavum) 

16. 

Flavius  Titianua 

C  Anonius  Valens 

(6164) 
Lucilius  Fiuitus  (6172) 

17. 

Q.  Lisinius  Sabinus 

Q.  Crescentius   Marcel- 
lus                      (6167) 
T.  Flavius  DuhitatuH 

(5168) 
C.  Mustius  T«'ttianus 

(6175,  6176) 

18. 

Plautius  Caesianus 

.  .conius  [Plrimus 

(6177) 

19. 

G.  Rasinius  Silo 

Augustanus           (6166) 

20. 

Ti.  Claud.  Priscianus 

21. 

M.  Porcius  Verus 

22. 

\i     djiiifJiim     PatprniLS 

(14362, 

Clementianus 

p.  2328"",  Virunum)' 

Pius  or  Marcus 

23. 

Before  167 
M.  Aurelius 

Sex.  Baius  Pudens 
(=  Raetia  8) 

24. 

161/169 
Marcus  or  later 

[A]el.  Maxim[u8] 

LE(MTI 

26. 

After  168 

.  . 

Commodus 

26. 

191 

C.  Memuiius  Fidus  lulius  Albiua 

Bf.  may  be  restored  with  some  decree  of  probability  in  thisi  froKineuLary  inscription. 


184 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


Emperor  and  Date 

LEGATI 

Septimius  Severus 

27. 

194 

Tib.  CI.  Candidus 

28. 

201 

M.  luventius  Surus  Proculus 

29. 

After  205 
Caracalla 

Pollenius  Sebeainus 

30. 

Before  215 
Caracalla  or 
Elagabalus 

M.  Munatius  Sulla  Cerialis 

31. 

211/222 

Uncertain 

Q.  Herennius  Silvius  Maximus 

32. 

Probably  early  in  the 
3d  century 
Valerian  and 
Gallienus 

P.  Cosinius  Felix 

33. 

260  or  before 

Maximinus,  Constan- 
tine,  and  Licinius 

C.  Macrinius  Decianus 

DUCES  LIMITIS  PANNONIAE 
I  ET  NORICI  RIPENSIS 

34. 

310 
Diocletian  or  later 

Aur.  Senecio 

35. 

Aure[l].  lustiniauus 

36. 

Galerius    and    Maxi- 
minus Daza 

Ursicinus 

PRAESIDES  PROVINCIAE 
NORICI  MEDITERRANEI 

37. 

311 

Constantino 

Aur.  Hermodorus 

38. 

323/337 
Constans 

Fab.  Claudius 

39. 

337/360 

Martinianus 

ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOBICl'M    AND    RAKTIA  185 

III.     The  Governors  of  Raetia. 
PRAEFECTUS   RAETIS  VINDOLICIS  VALLIS  POENINAE.' 

1. 

Augustus  or  Tiberius  Before  19 

[s]ex.  pedius  sex.  f.  an.  lusianus  hibbutus' 
IX.  3044  (Interpromium):  (S]ex.  Peclio  Sex.  f.  An.  Lusiano  Hirruto, 
prim.  pil.  leg.  XXI,  pra[ef].^  Riietis  Viiulolicis  valli[s  Pjo^Miimie  et  levi.s 
armatur.,  iHi  vir.  i,  d.,  praef.Germanic[iJ  Cuesaris,  quiuqueuualici  [i]uris 
ex  s.  c, . 

Germanicus  died  in  19  A.  d. 

PROCURATORES  AUGUSTI  PROVINCIAE   RAETIAE.' 

2. 
Vitellius  09 

PORCIUS    SEPTIMIUS* 
Tac.  Hist.  iii.  5:  see  Noricum  3. 

3. 

Domitian  or  Nerva  92  or  soon  after 

0.    VELIUS    Sa[l]vI    F.    RUFUS 

Jahresh.  d.  6st.-arch.  Inst.  VII,  Beibl.  23  S.  (Baalbek): C  Velio 

Sa[l]vi  f .  Rufo donis  donato bello  Marcomannorum  Quadonim 

Sarmatarum,  adversus  quos  expeditionem  fecit  per  regnum  Decebali 
regis  Dacorum,  corona  murali  hastis  duabus  vexillis  duobus,  proc.  Imp. 
Caesaris  Aug.  Germanici  provinciae  Pannoniae  et  Delmatiae,  item  proc. 
provinciae  Raetiae  ius  gla[d]i,^ . 

The  command  in  Pannonia  and  the  military  exploits  are  placed 
by  Ritterling*  in  90/92;  the  office  in  Raetia  then  falls  at  least 
two  years  later. 

iCf.  Planta.  pp.  159  f.;  Ohl.  Sitz.  pp.  225  ff.;  Prog.  pp.  22  ff. ;  Murcj.  I.  2X9.  n.  I;  Lieb. 
Quaestt.  p.  75;  .\rnold,  pp.  45  f. ;  Franziss,  pp.  54  f. 

CIL.  XIV.  386,*  i<:iTiDe:  the  name  of  Sex.  Opphis  Priscus,  is  turgfyi.  L.  Domitias 
Ahenobarbus,  M.  Aufldius  Victorinus,  and  P.  liolviiis  Portinax  (cf.  p.  191,  n.  D.onco  a.H.Hiini«d 
to  Raetia  on  insufficient  literary  ovidonco.  are  now  boliovnd  to  have  hold  conimand«  in 
Germania  superior;  sen  Pros.,  «.  it.  For  Ulpiua  Victor,  boo  Noricum  7,  and  for  Claudius 
Paternus  Clemontianus,  see  Noricum  22. 

2  Pros.  III.  21,  n.  156 ;  Liob.  Beitr.  p.  27,  n.  2.     P.  219  and  n.  8. 

3  Zippel,  p.  286;  Lieb.  Quacxtl.  p.  41 ;  Hcitr.  p.  17,  n.  4;  Hirschfeld,  Sitx.  p.  425. 
*Pro».  III.  89,  n.  645. 

SMarq.  I.  557,  n.  .3;  Mispoulet,  Ituit.  Pnlit.  <l.  Rom.  11.98;  Hirachfold,  .•Titr  pp.  438  ff.; 
Lieb,  Quaestt.  p.  52;  Beitr.  p.  18  and  n.  4;  .Juntf,  Dnc.  p.  vi.  This  is  perhaps  the  oarliaat 
known  case  of  a  procurator  cum  iure  Kladi ;  in  the  third  century  they  become  cummun. 

»Op.  c  J t.  3.5. 


186  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

4. 

Trajan  107 

TI.    lULIUS    AQUILINUS' 

D.  XXXV,  pp.  1972,  867  (Weissenburg,  107  a.  d.): in  Raetia  sub 

Ti.  Julio  Aquilino . 

5.     {=  Noricum  8) 
Antoninus  Pius  Probably  before  155 

latin(us)  {or  latin(ius))   pi  .  .  {or  pl  .  .) 

6. 
Antoninus  Pius  153/161 

T.    VARIUS    T.    FIL.    OLA.    CLEMENS^ 

CIL.  III.  5211  (Celeia):  T.  Vario  T.  fil.  Clemen  ti  CI.  Cel.,  proc.  Aug. 

provinciar.  Raetiae,  Mauretan.  Caesarensis,  Lusitaniae,  Ciliciae, . 

Cf.  III.  5212-5216  (Celeia). 

The  approximate  date  is  determined  as  follows:  VIII.  2728 
(Lambaesis),  a  letter  to  Valerius  Etruscus,''  who  was  legate  in 
152  A.  D.,*  tells  of  the  completion  under  the  procurator  Clemens 
of  an  aqueduct  begun  in  147/149.  Clemens  therefore  was  in 
office  in  Mauretania  Caesariensis  in  152,  or  not  long  before  that 
year.  His  term  in  Raetia  followed,  but,  from  the  occurrence 
of  proc.  Aug.  in  III.  5211,  was  not  later  than  161  A.  D. 

7. 
Not  later  than  Pius 

L.    TIt[uLENUS    ?]'' 

XI.  6221  (Fanum  Fortunae): [proc.]  Aug.  Raetiae  et  [Vinde- 

liciae  1] . 

8.     (=  Noricum  23) 
Pius  or  M.  Aurelius  Before  168 

SEX.    BAIUS    PUDENS 

IP.  166,  n.  4;  Pros.  II.  16«,  n.  110. 

2  Pros,  III.  385,  n.  185;  Hirschfeld,  Verw.  p.  2.57,  n.  5;  Jang,  Doc.  p.  x,  pp.  78  f. 

3  Proa.  III.  356,  n.  48.  *  CIL.  VIII.  2543 ;  17854.  »  Pros.  III.  326,  n.  188. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NORICIM    AND    KAETIA  187 

9. 

M.  Aiirelius  166 

T.    DESTICIUS    T.    F.   OLA.    SEVERrs' 

Notiz.  d.  Scavu  1H85,  p.  175  (C-onconlia):  T.  D«!stitio  T.  f.  Cla.  Severo, 
p.  p.  leg.  X  gem.,  subpnief.  vigil.,  prot-.  Aug.  prov.  Dac-iae  super.,  proc. 
prov.  Cappad.  item  Pouti  metliterr.  et  Armeu.  minor,  et  Lycjiouiae,  proc. 

Augustor.  prov.  Raetiae,  procur.  prov.  Belgicae, M.  Claud.  PaternuH* 

amico  optimo  1.  d.  d.  d.     Cf.  CIL.  V.  866()  (C\)ncordia). 

D.  LXXIII,  p.  1991  (166  a.  d.,  Castra  Reginaj: iu  (liiieltia  sub 

[Dejsticio  Severo  pifoc.] . 

10. 
M.  Aurelius  167/169 

Q.    CAICILIUS    CIRIAGUS    SEPTICU'S    PICA   CAICILIANUS' 
CIL.  V.  3936(Arusnates):  Q.  Caicilio  Cisiaco  Septicio  Picai  Caiciliano 
procur.  Augustor.  et  pro  leg.  provinciai   Riiitiai  et  Vindelic.  et  vallis 
Poeuin.,  auguri,  Hamini  divi  Aug.  et  Roinai.  C.  Ligurius  I^.  f.  Vol.  Asper 
O  coh.  I  c.  K.  ingeuuor. 

The  only  time  in  the  reign  of  two  Augusti  when  Rnetia  was 
a  procuratorial  province  was  under  M.  Aurelius  and  L.  Verus, 
161-169.*  The  increase  of  military  force  shown  by  the  title 
procur.  et  pro  leg.  probably  indicates  a  date  subsequent  to  that 
of  Raetia  9  (166  A.  d.),  i.  e.,  during  the  transition  from  procu- 
rators to  legati.^ 
LEGATI  AUGUSTI  PRO  PRAETORE  PROVINCIAE  RAETIAE.* 

11. 
M.  Aurelius  or  later 

APPius  cl(audius)   lateranus' 
III.  5793  (Augusta):  Mercurio  cuius  sedes  a  ter(go)  sunt  Appius  CI. 
Lateranus,  XV  vir.  sacr.  fac.,  cos.  design.,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.   leg.  Ill 
Ital.,*  V.  s.  1.  m. 

I  Pros.  II.  8,  n.  50;  Hirschfeld,  Verw.  p.  2.57.  n.  r,;  Jung.  Dae.  pp.  40  f.  »  P.  177. 

3 Pros.  I.  247,  n.  25;  cf.  Pros.  III.  39,  n.  .%4  (where  read  "a.  219"  for  "a.  119"). 

*  P.  168.  Cichorius's  date  under  Claudius  (PW.  IV.3KJ)  is  therefore  impossible;  Zippel, 
pp.  2K9f.,  wrongly  places  the  inscription  undcsr  Marcus  and  Commodus. 

5  P.  197;  Lieb.  Quaestl.  p.  .53;  Beitr.  p.  18,  u.  3;  Jung,  Rfim.  p.  S4,  n.  5;  Hirschfeld, 
Sitz.  pp.  430  f. 

6  P.  168;  Planta,  p.  161;  Ohl.  Sitz.  pp.  227  ff.;  Pro<j.  pp.  2.5  ff. ;  Manj.  I.  289.  n.  .5;  Lieb. 
Verw.  p.  3.52  ff. ;  Jung,  Dae.  p.  xviii,  n.  10;  Arnold,  p.  46;  Frantiss,  pi).  50  f. 

The  recognition  of  lasdius  as  legato  of  Raetia  rests  solely  up<in  an  old  restoration  of 
CIL.  VI.  1428;  a  better  text  is  given  in  VI.  316.51  (cf.  Pros.  II.151,n.K).  Ohl.  Prog.  pp.  17.28. 
gives  M.  Aurelius  Probus  as  legato  of  Raetia  in  253  259,  his  authority  b«>ing  Serif  it  Prot).  .5. 
But  legio  tertia  filix  there  assigned  to  Probus  was  more  probably  Icgio  III  (iallica;  cf. 
CIL.  II.  21OT.     Felix  is  nowhere  used  of  leg.  Ill  Ital. 

1  Pros.  I.  383,  n.  731.  Ohlenschlager,  Sitz.  pp.  227  ff. ;  Prog.  p.  14  (followed  by  Lieb. 
Verw.  p.  354;  Arnold,  p.  46)  assigns  this  man  U>  196  A.  D.,  but  the  consnl  of  191  waa  T.  S«x- 
tius  Lateranus  (Klein,  Fasti  consulares.  p.  87).      See  also  Raetia  18. 

*  Lieb.  Vertc.  p.  468. 


188  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

169/177,  182/196,  212,  214/246,  etc.,  are  the  only  dates  pos- 
sible for  a  single  Augustus  during  the  period  of  legati,  except 
the  years  when  other  governors  are  definitely  known. 

12. 

M.  Aurelius  or  later 

[CAERELLIUS]' 

XIII.  6806  (Mainz) :  [Caerellius  ....  leg.  Aug.]  pr.  pr.  pro[vi]n[c.] 
Thrac,  Moes.  sup.,  Rae[t.],  Germ.  sup.  et  Britt.,  et  Modestiana  eius  at 
Caerellii  Marcianus  et  Germanilla  filii. 

The  dates  are  the  same  as  for  Raetia  11. 

13. 
Marcus,  Commodus,  or  Septimius  167/200  circ. 


Ann.  Ep.  1890,  n.  136  =  IGR.  I.  971  (Gortyna):  ....  [cVi  tov] 
(T€i[T^OfJi€TpLOv  TOV  'PoifJMLWv  Ta)^9ev^Ta],  Tcifi-qdevTa  lepuio-vvrj  twv  u' 
dv8pu)[v,  ....  J/oiavciiv  Toiv  iv  'IraAta,  [irpecr/JevT^v]  'Ac^pociys  avdvTraTo[y 
(TTpaTrjybv  TreJvTcipaySSov  ^  Pamas,  [BoAou/ivJia  KaXT^Sa*  tov  yXvKvraT^ov  koI 
ewJo-e/Sco-TttTOv  vlov. 

Ibid.  n.  135  =  IGR.  I.  969:  M.  'Pwctkiov  Kvptiva  Aovttov  Mov\_pyjvav,^ 
M.  Movpijva  aTpaTrjytxov''  vlov,  M.  Movprjva'  avOvTrdrov  Btt^wias  iKyovov, 
(reirTL/ji^epa  eirovXwv,  xeuXiap^ov  Xcyeuivos  €/?8d/i,i;s  KXavStas,  irpocrTaT-qv 
AeyeuJvos  TtrapTr^s  <I>Xa/3tas,  rap-iav  kcu  avTitTTpar-qyov  CTrap^^cta?  K^t^tt^s  koX 
^vprjvri<;,  BoXow/xvi'a  KoAT^Sa*  tov  avSpa  ttjs  (Kyovov. 

Now  the  grandfather,  M.  (Roscius)  Murena,'  must  have  been 
proconsul  of  Bithynia  before  165  a.  d.,  by  which  year  at  the  latest 
Bithynia  had  become  an  imperial  province,  governed  by  a  leg.  Aug. 
pr.  pr.*  He  would  naturally  be  from  thirty  to  fifty  years  older 
than  his  grandson's  father- (or  uncle-)  in-law,  who  therefore  was 
not  likely  to  have  been  quinquefascalis  Raetiae  later  than  the 
reign  of  Septimius  Severus.^ 

iPros.  I.  262,  n.  120;  PW.  III.  1283,  n.  1.  Not  the  C.  Caerellius  Sabinus  of  III,  1074-1076; 
1092;  1111;  ct.  Ohl.  Prog.  p.  27,  n.  72. 

2  Pro8.  III.  500,  n.  37.  3  p.  168.  *  Pros.  III.  480,  n.  644.  5  [bid.  135,  n.  69. 

6  Ibid.  n.  71.  '  Ibid.  n.  70.  8  PW.  III.  529  f. 

SAs  the  upper  limit  is  fixed  at  167  (p.  165),  the  date  asBif^ued  to  both  inscriptions  by 
Halbherr,  Museo  ital.  di  ant.  class.  III.  703,  is  tooearly  by  about  lialf  a  century.  Theevidence 
there  adduced,  the  absence  of  the  title  felix  from  the  name  of  legio  IV  Flavia,  is  not  con- 
clusive, see,  for  example,  CIL.  VIII.  2744,2745  (176  A.  d.);  V.  1870  (under  Commodus) ;  III. 
1201  (after  Caracalla). 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOBICUM    AND    LAETIA  189 

14. 

M.  Aurelius-Commodus  179-180 

M.  HELVIUS    [CLEJMENS    DEXTKIANUS' 

CIL.  III.  11965  (Castra  Regina): vallu[ml  cum  portis  et  turribus 

efc.    (=fec.?)  [.  .  .  .  ciirante?]   M.   Helvio    [Cle]nicnt<'    Dcxtriano    leg. 
Au[gg.  pr.  pr.] 

The  titles  of  M.  Aurelius  and  Commodus  which  precede  the 
part  quoted,  although  apparently  referring  to  the  year  179,  are 
given  in  a  form  used  only  after  the  death  of  Marcus.'  The  stone 
therefore  was  probably  cut  after  March  17,  180,  and  the  term  of 
Helvius  belonged,  in  part  at  least,  to  the  year  of  transition,  180, 
though  it  may  have  begun  in  179. 

15. 

Commodus  181 

SPICIUS    CEBIALIS 

III.  I437O2  (Bohming):  -  -  -  Spicio  Ceriale  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  ve- 
x(illarii)'  leg.  Ill  Ital.  vallum  Jf]ece(runt)  c.  a.  lul.  Iu(l?llino  7  leg.  Ill 
Ital.,  item  portas  cum  turrib.  IIII  perfec(tas)  ab  Ael.  Forte  c.  leg.  Ill 
Ital.,  praep.  c[o]h.  I  Br.,*  Imp.  Ill  Biir[ro  cos.]  (181  a.  d.) 

16. 

Commodus  183/185 

[cebiJalis  or  [fetiJalis* 

III.  11933,  pp.  2328^-'.  •^'  (Pfunz,  in  castris)*: [Com]modo 

cos.  HIP  [coh.  I]  Breuc*  [dedicjiute?]  Fetiale*  [leg.  Aug.]  pr.  pr. 

If  the  name  was  really  Cerialis,  the  identity  of  this  legatus 
with  Raetia  15  is  not  improbable,  and  would  be  an  indication,  per- 
haps, that  at  this  period  legati  held  their  commands  for  a  term  of 
years.'  But  the  assumption  that  such  was  the  case  and  that  the 
rulers  of  III,  11933  and  III.  14870j  were  the  same,  seems  to  have 
influenced  the  later  observers  who  report  the  reading  as  Ceriale, 

1  Pros.  II.  131,  n.  47.  2  ciL.  not.  ad  loc.  a  Marq.  II.  464.  *  P.  217. 

^Pros.  II.  S9,  D.  116.  «On  p.  2Sa^i  read  143702  instead  of  14371 1. 

'The  date  is  18.V18.5,  not  183/184:  cos.  V  was  in  186,  Klein,  F<uti  cons.  p.  8i. 

8  Pp.  2328W,  2»t :  [C]erialo. 

»(;f.  Raotia  14;  Lieb.  Vcnr.  pp.  4'.4  f. 


190  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

17. 

Commodus,  Elagabalus,  or  Alexander  Probably  182/192,  218/234 

[aelius  ?  dioJnysius' 

III.  5874:(Lauiagen):  [d]ei  Apollinis  Granni  [pro  salute  Imp.  Caes.  M. 

Au]rel p.  p.  [  .  .  .  Aelius  ?  Dio]nysius  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr 

Kal.  Iiinias. 

170/177,  180/192,  212/216,  218/234  are  the  years  when  a 
single  [Au]rel[ms]  was  Augustus  in  May  within  the  period  dur- 
ing which  Raetia  was  ruled  by  legati.  Other  names  have  been 
assigned  to  180,  181,  213,  and  perhaps  to  182-183/5.'  If  the 
letters  missing  in  the  imperial  titles  were  intentionally  erased, 
170/177,  212/216  are  not  possible. 

18. 
Septimius  Severus  197 

P.    POBOIUS    OPTATUS    FLAMMa' 

VIII.  7062  (Cirta): [P.J  Porci  Optati  Flamma[e]  c.  v.,  praetoris 

sacerdot[io]   Flaviali    Titiali   iudicio  dom[ini]   n.   sanctissimi   et 

fortissi[mi]  Imp,  Caes.  L.  Septimi  Sever[i  Perjtinacis  Aug.  Pii  exor- 
[nati],  legati  ab  amplissimo  s[enatu]  ad  eundem  dominum  [ijmp.  in 
Germaniam  et  [ad]  Antoninum  Caes.  [im]p.  destiuatum  (197  a.  d.)* 
in  Pannoni[am]  missi . 

VIII.  7064  (Cirta):  [  .  .  .  .  leg.  pr.]  pr.  provinciae  RLII  .... 
(=R(a)etiae  1  ) [ei]usdem  Porci  Optati  g 

Possibly  Porcius  was  legatus  of  Raetia  at  the  time  when  he 
was  sent  to  the  North  in  197. 

19. 

Septimius  Severus  198/209 

sabi[nus]* 

III.  5727,  p.  1050  ad  p.  705,  III  (milestone): Sabi[no  v.  c.  le]g. 

Augg.  pr.  pr. 

1  Pros.  I.  1'),  n.  130;  PW.  I.  492,  n.  47  (tho  date  umlor  M.  Aureliua  is  a  mere  assumption). 

2  Raetia  14,  15,  20,  16. 

3Pro8.  III.  88,  n.  640;  IGR.  III.  1480. 
*Sch.  1.715,  n.  1. 
6  Pros.  III.  15:J,  u.  19. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NORIGUM    AND    BAETIA  llU 

20. 

Caracalhi  213 

C.    OCTAVIUS    APP(IUS)     SUETRIUS    SABINUS' 

X.  B398  (Aquiuum):  C.  Octavio  App.  S[iu']trio  Sabino  c.  v.,  ix)[n]tif. 
et  augiiri,  cos.  ordin[ar.]  (214  a.  d.),  \vg\\to  Aii^'.  pr.  pr.  Paiinon.  i[nf.l 
(217  .\.  D.),  elect,  ad  corri^.  statum  Ita[I.l,  piacf.  aliment.,  indiei  ex  deh-j^.] 
cognition.  Caesarian.,  legato  |Aug.]  pr.  pr.  prov.  llixr.t.,  pnw'|>osit. 
vexi[ll.]  Germ,  expedit.,  comit.  Aug.  n.  (213  a.  d.),*  legat.  l[eg.  II] et  viceu- 
sim.  pr[im]ig., pract.  de  liberalib.  causis . 

Cf.  X.  5178  (Casinum). 

The  command  in  Germany  and  the  le^nteship  in  Raetia  wero 
undoubtedly  contemporaneous. 

21. 
Gordian  238/244 

PETRONIUS    POLIANUS' 

III.  1017  (Apulum):  Genio  Imp.  Gortliaui  p.  ( f.]  invict.*  Aug.  Petrouiua 
Polianus  v.  c,  leg.  leg.  XIII  [g.]  Gord.,  leg.  Aug.  [pr.  p]r.  Raet..  i[te]m 
Belgicae.^ 

22. 
Philip,  Trebonian,  or  Valerian  Probably  246/249.  251/255 

OLUS  TERENTIUS  PUDENS  UTTEDIANUS* 

TIT.  993  (Apulum):  Caelesti'  Augustae  et  Aesculapio*  Augusto  et 
genio  Carthagiuis  et  genio  Dacianun,  Olus  Terentius  Pudens  Utteilianus, 
leg.  Augg.  leg.  XIII  gem.,®  leg.  Augg.  pro  praet.  [pr]ovinciae  Retiae. 

The  date,  from  the  similarity  to  III.  1017  (Raetia  21),  also 
from  Apulum,  is  likely  to  be  of  about  the  same  period;  Augg. 

I  EE.  I,  pp.  130  ff. ;  Sch.  I.  750,  n.  3;  Pros.  II.  iZ\  a.  19;  to  the  r-tferoucoa  thoro  »{i»mi 
add  CIL.  VI.  31338»;  31633;  XV.  4097 ;  7546. 

»  Sch.  I.  743,  n.  5  ;  744. 

3  Pros.  III.  29,  n.  217 ;  Juug.  Dae.  p.  60.  ♦  PW.  I.  26-i}. 

SLiebcnam'8  dato  "um  2.'35"  {VentJ.  p..T54)  contradicts  tiia  romurk  (p.  80)  ••dann  L^Kai 
in  RaPtien  und  Belgica  unter  Gordian."  Loijio  XIII  Remina  was  not  stationnd  in  Britain 
(no  inscriptions  of  this  logion  found  in  Britain  am  indoxod  in  tho  Corpus  or  tha  KpKenwrit 
epigraphica)  but  in  Dacia,  soo.  for  oxamplo,  CIL.  III.  990.  1125  from  Apulum  durin«  tho 
TuigD  of  Gordian. 

6  Pros.  III.  303,  n.  65.  '  EcLhel.  VII.  p.  183. 

sPosBibly  invoked  in  reference  to  the  plaRue  of  251  A.  D.T    See  Sch.  I.  HOD.  n.  2. 

•Legio  XIII  gemina  is  honored  on  tho  coine  of  Dacia.  247-255  A.  D. ;  Cuban,  V,  pp.  Ufl. 
152, 172,  199,  221,  2:«,  280,  294,  472. 


192  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

points  therefore  either  to  246/249  or  251/260;'  a  dedication  genio 
Dacianim  is  hardly  likely,  however,  after  the  loss  of  the  province 
in  256. 

DUCES  LIMITIS  RAETICI.^ 

23. 

Trebonian  253 

p.    LICINIUS    VALERIANUS' 

Eutrop.  ix.  7:  hinc  Licinius  Valerianiis  in  Raetia  et  Norico*  agens 
ab  exercitu  imperator  et  mox  Augustus  est  factus. 

Aural.  Vict,  de  Caes.  32:  at  milites,  qui  contracti  undique  apud 
Raetias  ob  instans  bellum  morabantiu-,^  Licinio  Valeriano  imperium 
deferunt. 

24. 

Valerian  258 

FULVIUS    BOIUS* 

Script.  Aurelian.  13.1:    cum  consedisset  Valerianus   Augustus  in 

thermis   apud  Byzantium,  praesente et   Fulvio  Boio  duce  Retici 

limitis . 

25. 

Gallienus  267 

AUREOLUS' 

Aurel.  Vict,  de  Caes.  33:  namque  Aureolus,  cum  per  Raetias  legioni- 
bus*  praeesset,  excitus,  uti  mos  est,  socordia  tarn  ignavi  ducis,  sumpto 
imperio  Romam  contendebat. 

CIL.  III.  11999  (tegula;  Erling,  Raetia):  Aureolus. 

1  It  is  hard  to  see  why  Liebenam  (  Verw.  p.  353)  says :  "  In  den  beiden  Angusti  Bind  wohl 
Marc  Aurcl  undVeruszu  erkennen  "  (16S/169  would  be  the  only  possible  years,  for  Raetia 
in  166  and  afterwards  was  still  a  procuratorial  province,  cf.  Raetia  9,  10).  With  equal  posi- 
tiveness,  Jung,  Dae.  pp.  58  f.  (cf.  Vaschide,  p.  89),  coacludeB:  "  Wohl  aus  der  Zeit  des 
Septimius  Severus  und  des  Caracalla,"  and  Planta,  p.  161,  n.  3:  "am  waLrscheiiilicbsten 
unter  Diocletian." 

2  0hl.  Sitz.  p.  228;  Prog.  p.  28;  Lieb.  Verw.  p.  354,  n.  1;  Arnold,  p.  46;  Franziss,  p.  56. 

3  Pros.  II.  286,  n.  178.  The  exact  title  borne  is  a  matter  of  inference  merely  ;  Valerian 
and  Aureolus  seem,  however,  to  have  exercised  a  military  command  of  somewhat  more 
general  character  than  that  of  the  leg.  leg.  Ill  Ital.  and  accordingly  are  placed  here  rather 
than  in  the  preceding  list.    But  see  p.  169. 

*If  Valerian  really  operated  in  Noricum,  that  fact  in  itself  is  an  evidence  of  the 
unsettled  state  of  affairs,  for  under  ordinary  circumstances  the  administration  of  the 
provinces  was  quite  distinct;  cf.  p.  173,  n.  7. 

6  Soldiers  of  leg.  Ill  Aug.  were  among  them  ;  see  p.  211. 

«Sch.  I.  819;  Pros.  II.  92,  n.  362. 

7Sch.  I.  840;  845,  n.  6;  Proa.  I.  219,  n.  1338;  PW.  II.  2545  f. 

SLegio  III  Italica  is  the  only  one  known  to  have  been  in  Raetia  at  this  time;  cf.  p.  211. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOKICl'M    AND    KAKTIA  l[)'S 

According  to  another  tradition,  AureohiB  revolted  aft.T  rt-acliing 
Italy. 

Zos.  i.  40:  -  -  -  ayyeWerai  FaAAtT/vw  tw  7rp6?  2«vft»?  iyKupTifxivvri 
7ro\(fi.u)  Tov  T^s  nrrrov  irdcr-qs  Tjyovfjuvov  Avpiokov,  iv  Mthiokdvi^  rij  iroXii  rr]f 
iirl  T7]v  IraXiav  wdpoSov  Yloa-Tovftov  rtruyfievov  7rupa</>uAaTT<u-,  ct?  to  vtojTtpt'^tiv 
TCTpd<f>$ai  Kut  fivacrdiu  tijv  tu)v  oAu)^  dpx^v  iavrdi. 

2r). 

Aurelian  ^lO  27  f) 

BONOSUS' 
i:<cript.  Bonos.  14.  2: dux  limitis  Retici  fuit. 

PRAESIDES  PROVINCIAE  RAETIAE.' 

27. 

Diocletian  290 

sept(imius)  [valeJntio^ 

CIL.  III.  5810  (Augusta,  290  a.  d.): Sept.  [Valejntio  v.  p.  p.  p. 

R. . 

The  next  four  praesides  (28-31)  belong  in  the  jx^riod  between 
the  reforms  of  Diocletian  and  the  division  of  Raetia  in  the  fourth 
century.* 

28. 

AURELIUS    MUCIANUS' 
III.  5785  (Augusta):  [Herjculi  statuain  cum  hiu^v  Aurclius  Mucianun 
V.  p.  p.  p.  R.  pro  salute  sua  suorumqui*  omnium   [pojsuit  curante  .... 
Gerontio  .... 

29. 

VALERIUS    VENUSTUS' 
III.   5862   (Zwiefalten):   deo  iuvicto   soli    tt-mplum    a   .solo    icstituit 
Valerius  Veuustus  v.  p.  p.  p.  R. 

30. 


III.  6788  (Augusta):    (I.]  O.   M.  [ac-t|frno  [coii|stTvatori  jcrtrri.squi' 

dis]  deabusque  [hui]us  loci p.  p.  Rctic  [votjocum  suis  [omjnibuh 

[susc]  III  Nouas  .... 

iScb.  I.  8*0;  Prog.  1.239,  n.  120;  PW.  111.  713 f. 

^Oh\.  Sitz.pv.  229  f.;  Prog.  p.  29;  Martj.  I.  'MK  u.  6;  Arnold,  p.  il. 

acVL.  VI.  1125.  «P.  169,  n.  12.        & /'mi.  1.  210,  u.  1277.  •  fro*.  III.  37V.  n.  151. 


I 


UNIVERSITY   ) 


194 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

31. 


III.   14370'-   (Castra  Regina): 
praef .  leg.  eiusdem. 


V.  [p.]  p.  p.  R.  [et]  Secuudinus 


Summary  of  the  Governors  of  Raetia. 
Emperor  and  Date  PRAEFEGTI 

Augustus  or  Tiberius 


1. 

Before  19 

Sex.  Pedius  Lusianus  Hirrutus 

Vitellius 

PROCURATORES 

2. 

69 
Domitian  or  Nerva 

Porcius  Septimius 

3. 

92  or  soou  after 
Trajan 

C.  Velius  Rufus 

4. 

107 
Antoninus  Pius 

Ti.  lulius  Aquilinus 

5. 

Probably  before  155 

Latin.  Pi  .  .                           (=Noricum  8) 

6. 

153/161 

T.  Varius  Clemens 

7. 

Not  later  than  Pius 
Pius  or  M.  Aurelius 

L.  Tit[ulenus  ?] 

8. 

Before  168 
M.  Aurelius 

Sex.  Baius  Pudens              (=Noricum  23) 

9. 

166 

T.  Desticius  Severus 

10. 

167/169 
M.  Aurelius  or  later 

Q.  Caicilius  Cisiacus  Septicius 
Pica  Caicilianus 

LEGATI 

11. 

Appius  CI.  Lateranus 

12. 

Marcus,  Commodus,  or 
Septimius  Severus 

[Caerellius] 

13. 

167/200  circ. 

M.  Aurelius- 

Commodus 

14. 

179-180 
Commodus 

M.  Helvius  [Clejmens  Dextrianus 

15. 

181 

Spicius  Cerialis 

16. 

183/185 
Commodus,  Elagaba- 
lus,  or  Alexander 

[Cerijalis  or  [Fetijalis 

17. 

Probably    182/192, 
218/234 

[Aelius  ?  Dio]nysius 

ADMINISTBATION    OF    NORICUM    AND    BAETIA 


I'.jr 


Emporor  and  Date 

LK(iATI 

Septimius  Severus 

18. 

197 

P.  Porcius  Optatus  Flamnm 

19. 

198/209 
Caracalla 

Sabifnas) 

20. 

213 
Gordian 

C.  Octavius  App.  .Suetrius  Sabiniis 

21. 

238/244 

Pt'troniu.s  Polianus 

Philip,  Trebouiaii,  or 

Valerian 

22. 

Probably 
251/255 

246/249, 

OliLS  TtTentius  Piulens  Uttudiauus 

Trelx)nian 

DUCKS  LIMITIS  RAKTICl 

23. 

253 
Valerian 

P.  Licinius  Valerianus 

24. 

258 
Gallienus 

Fulvius  Boius 

25. 

267 
Aurelian 

Aureolu.s 

26. 

270/275 

Bonosns 

Diocletian 

PRAESIDE3 

27. 

290 

Sept.  1  Valelntio 

Diocletian  or 

later 

28. 

Aiirelius  Mucianus 

29. 

Valerius  Venustus 

30. 

.31. 

PART  II.     THE  ARMY. 
I.    The  Legions  of  Noricum, 

LEGIO  II  ITALICA:     HISTORY.' 

Formation  and  early  history. — The  second  legion,  which 
eventually  garrisoned  Noricum,  was  levied  by  M.  Aurelius^  in 
northern  Italy ,^  immediately  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Marcomannic 
war  became  imminent.  The  draft,  which  was  put  in  charge  of 
M.  Claudius  Fronto,  was  ordered  in  165  or  166  and  was  presum- 
ably completed  in  about  two  years.*  In  170  a.  d.  a  detachment 
commanded  by  a  centurion  of  legioIITraiana  helped  strengthen  the 
walls  of  Salonae  in  Dalmatia.^  The  legion  arrived  in  Noricum 
probably  not  later  than  171/174  a.  d.,*  and  remained  there  per- 
manently.    Mommsen's  view'  that  it  was  sent  for  a  time  to  Pan- 

1  The  best  account  is  by  Cagnat,  DS.  III.  1078. 

2Dio,  Iv.  24.  4;  of.  Script.  M.  Aur.  14.  6;  Ver.  9.  10. 

3  This  is  shown  by  the  name  Italica,  and  by  the  fact  that  several  officers  and  soldiers  of 
the  early  period  are  known  whose  homes  were  in  that  region:  in  Ameria,  CIL.  XI.  4371 ;  Der- 
tona,  VI.1636;  Firmum,  III.  15208;  Ocriculum,  XI.  4085;  Terventum,  IX.  2.593;  see  pp.  199, 
178.  202,  201 ;  Arnold,  p.  89. 

♦  On  CIL.  VI.  1377,  31640 ;  III.  1457,  which  give  the  complete  cursus  of  M.  Claudius  Fronto, 
see  Dessau,  1097  f. ;  Pros.  I.  373,  n.  699;  PW.  III.  2722,  n.  1.57.  After  holding  two  important 
commands  in  the  Armenian  and  Parthian  war  of  162-165/6  but  before  receiving  the  dona 
militaria  at  the  triumph  of  166,  Fronto  was  made  consul  and  curator  operum  publicorum, 
and  was  detailed  for  recruiting  service  in  Italy  {.OIL.  VI.  1377, 1. 14 :  missrt  ad  iuveutiitem  per 
Italiam  legendam;  cf.  DS.  II.  219).  {.ertainly  this  can  refer  to  nothing  but  the  levy  of  the 
second  and  third  Italic  legions.  Fronto  was  relieved  (rom  his  duties  as  dilectator  in  Italy 
in  time  to  hold  two  other  offices  before  the  death  of  Verus  in  169.  The  alarm  caused  by  the 
siege  of  Aquileia  would  naturally  hasten  all  preparations  for  defense. 

5C/-L.  III.  1980. 

6  Van  der  Weerd,  MB.  VII.  101-103,  using  CIL.  IX.  2593  (p.  201,  n.  5),  shows  that  the  soldier 
there  named  enlisted  in  legio  II  Italica  in  the  original  levy  and  served  in  Noricum  at  Aelia 
Ovilava,  dying  at  the  age  of  twenty-three;  hence,  if  he  enlisted  aged  eighteen  to  twenty,  the 
legion  had  reached  Noricum  by  171/174.  But  enlistment  of  legionaries  earlier  or  later  than 
the  age  given  is  fairly  common  (e.  g.,  at  fourteen.  III.  35.38;  at  fifteen,  XIII.  6886;  at  sixteen, 
III.  12440;  XIII.  68.53;  at  seventeen,  XI.  4085;  Dessau,  2261';  2.341;  2348;  at  twenty-two.  III. 
5950;  Dessau,  2252;  22.58;  2265;  2.314;  2.329;  2;j,52;  2422;  at  twenty-three,  Dessau,  2245;  2284;  2319; 
olderthantwenty-threo.  III.  4857;  XIII.  6943;  Dessau,  22.57;  2270;  2273;  cf.  DS.  11.221),  and 
would  be  unusually  frequent  at  such  a  time  of  peril  as  166/169.  The  arrival  of  the  legion  may 
possibly,  thfirefore,  have  been  as  early  as  168/170  or  as  late  as  175/177.  It  was  presumably 
later  than  167/169,  the  date  of  the  last  procurator  of  Raetia. 

'  CIL.  III.  1980,  note. 

196 


ADMINISTRATION    DP    NORU'UM    AND    RAKTIA  1W7 

nonia  does  not  seem  very  likely;  there  is  nothin«;  to  .support  it' 
except  the  fact  that  Pannonia  was  Marcus's  headquarters,*  while  on 
the  other  hand  the  attack  of  1152'  and  the  invasion  of  U\1/UV.)  ha*! 
recently  shown  that  the  upper  Danube  frontier  and  the  roads  lead- 
ing south  through  Noricum  and  Raetia  needed  guarding,  and  that 
a  procuratorial  form  of  government  was  no  longer  ade(juate.' 

Name  and  titles. —  In  170  A.  d.  the  legion  bore  the  name 
II  pia,*  which  was  still  in  use  as  late  as  191  A.  D.  ;*  iegio  II  Italica 
was,  however,  the  common  designation  throughout  its  history.' 
In  193  the  legion  was  honored  on  the  silver  coinage  of  Septimius 
Severus,^  whose  assumption  of  the  imperial  {X)wer  in  the  spring  of 
that  year  it  had  undoubtedly  supported;'^  before  April  11,  200,  it 
had  received  from  him  the  title  tidelis.'"  Antoniniana  was  added 
under  Caracalla,"  dropped  after  his  death  (April  8,  217),"  and 
resumed  under  Elagabalus.'^  During  the  reign  of  Alexander 
Severus,  the  cognomen  Severiana  was  used."  June  23,  238,  alle- 
giance to  Gordian  III  was  declared  by  a  votive  offering  in  the 
name  of  a  bf.  cos.  leg.  II  Ital.  p.  f.  Aug.  n.'*  It  is  therefore 
perhaps  a  mere  accident  that  no  instance  of  the  name  Gordiana 

•  Pertinax's  defense  of  Noricum  aad  Raetia  by  moans  of  log.  I  (adi.)  {Script.  Pert. 
2.  6,  cf.  Dio,  Ixxi.  3.  2:  perhaps  in  172,  see  Sch.  I.  647)  does  not  necessarily  imply  that  the 
provinces  had  not  yet  received  their  own  legions.    CIL.  Ill,  p.  707. 

^Dio,  Ixxi.  3. 1;  Eutrop.  viii.  13.  1;  Hieron.  Chrcm.  Riueh.  a.  Abr.  2194;  Ores.  rii.  ir>.  6. 
Pannonia  continued  to  be  tho  headquarters  in  the  (Jermnn  wars  even  after  the  date  whno 
le^io  II  Italica  is  known  positively  to  have  been  in  Noricum. 

3  Sch.  I.  638  and  n.  4.  «  Raetia  10;  Sch.  I.  612-645. 

5  CIL.  III.  1980  =  Dessau,  2287,  where  see  note.  «  III.  I">a08. 

7  Dio,  Iv.  24.  4;  CIL.  VI.  3192;  III,  passim;  III.  .5567  (182  a.  d.  or  soon  after)  is  perhaps 
the  earliest  instance. 

3 Cohen,  IV,  p.  .31,  n.  261 ;  Jung,  ROm.  p.  36,  n.  I. 

9  P.  178,  n.  3;  Herodian,  ii.  9.  10. 

lOC/I,.  XI.  1322;  probably  before  his  departure  for  the  East  in  tho  autumn  of  197  (Sch. 
I.  719,  n.  1). 

II  CIL.  III.  5185  and  11482  (215  A.  D.) ;  perhaps  not  assumed  at  tho  boginninB  of  Carncalla'a 
solo  reign,  for  it  does  not  appear  in  III.  5187  (Dec.  13,  211),  nlthoURh  tho  inscriptiona  of 
bcneficiarii  are  usually  accurate  and  complete. 

12111.5189(217  A.  D.). 

"III.  5580(May  15,219).  .\ntoniniana  occurs  also  in  tho  following  undated  inncriptiooii: 
III.  4862;  5757  (teg.). 

1*111.  .5.575  (May  1.5,  226);  3270  (226  A.  D.);  .5690  (May  15,  230);  undated,  .5449;  p.  1046  ad 
n.  4791,  p.  1813;  5663,  11806. 

15  III.  4820  (Virunum).  This  inscription  is  used  to  fix  tho  date  of  GordtBD'a  aoc«MioD  ; 
cf.  PW.  I.  2621  ff.    In  CIL.  Ill,  p.  24.38  tho  date  is  wrongly  given  a«  Juno  24. 


198  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

occurs.'  The  titles  pia  fidelis  were  renewed  by  Valerian  and 
Gallienus  in  253'  and  at  intervals  thereafter;  LEG.  II.  ITAL. 
VI.  P.  VI.  F.''  and  LEG.  IL  ITAL.  VII.  P.  VII.  R*  appear  on 
the  bronze  legionary  coinage  of  Gallienus. 

Stations. — One  of  the  most  important  duties  of  the  legion  was 
to  guard  and  keep  in  repair  the  road  leading  east  through  Celeia 
to  Poetovio  in  Pannonia  superior,  which  formed  the  main  line  of 
communication  between  Italy  and  the  Lower  Danubian  provinces.^ 
Accordingly,  bricks  made  by  the  legion  have  been  found  in  large 
numbers  near  Celeia,  and  all  the  way  from  that  city  to  Atrans.* 

The  main  camp  of  the  legion  at  Lauriacum  was  occupied  from 
191  A.  D.  at  the  latest  until  Noricum  ripense  was  abandoned  in 
the  fifth  century;'  in  the  fourth  century,  at  least,  it  had  a  shield 
factory  (fabrica  scutaria),^  and  served  as  headquarters  for  a  fleet,® 
and  for  auxiliaries.'" 

Ovilava,  twenty-six  miles  west  and  south  of  Lauriacum,  at  the 
junction-point  of  roads  leading  to  Raetia  and  to  the  southeast,  was 
garrisoned  for  a  short  time  in  the  early  history  of  the  legion ;"  later 
it  was  deserted  in  favor  of  loviacum'^  and  Lentia'^  on  the  Danube. 

iCf.  p.  206  and  n.  2. 

2  Valerian  had  good  reason  to  honor  the  legions  of  the  Upper  Danube ;  see  Raetia  23. 

3 Cohen,  V,  p.  388,  nn.  471-474;  Eckhel,  VII,  p.  402  (symbols:  the  wolf  suckling  Romulus 
and  Remus;  a  Capricorn;  cf.  DS.  III.  1074  f.).  The  earlier  renewals  are  inferred  from 
inscriptions  of  other  legions.    OIL.  VIII.  2482,  17976  (Gemellae,  Oct.  22,  253) :  -  -  -  Kegionis) 

[III  Aug.   II   p.  V.  re]stitutae ;  VIII.  2852,  p.  954  (Lambaesis) : leg.  Ill  Aug.  II 

pi[ae  II  vindicis] (DS.  III.  1079);    CIL.  III.  875  (Potaissa,  253/260  A.D.): leg.  V. 

Mac.  Ill  piae  fidelis ;  III.  3.521  (Aquincum,  270  A.  d.)  : leg.  II  adi.  VI  p.  VI  f. . 

(But  cf.  Eckhel,  VII,  p.  404;  Cohen,  V,  p.  388,  n.  469.) 

4 Cohen,  V,  p.  388,  n.  477;  Eckhel,  VII,  p.  402  (symbol:  a  stork). 

sp.  165,  n.  4;  work  was  done  on  this  road  as  late  as  367  A.  D.  (CIL.  III.  5740). 

6  III.  5757/,  flr,i>;  11849  a-d,-  11850;  11851;  14369:^. 

Utin.  Ant.  p.  115;  Tab.  Pent.  IV  a:  Elegio  (?)  ;  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxiv.  39;  tegulae  from 
this  neighborhood:  C/L.  III.  5757 ;  pp.  963  f.,  nn.  11,  13,  17,  18;  p.  1059;  11849;  lSJ35f.;  p.  2287; 
p.  2328M  (cf.  5757  t,  x) ;  inscriptions  from  members  of  leg.  II  Ital.:  III.  11822-24;  15208  (191 
A.  D.);  15208'  (cf.  p.  180).  The  site  may  have  been  occupied  even  before  the  arrival  of  the 
legion:  III.  11826  (about  158  A.  D. ;  cf.  Noricum  9,  p.  174).  Work  was  done  on  the  roads 
passing  through  Lauriacum  from  195  till  after  the  middle  of  Jibe  third  century  (p.  165,  n.  4), 

The  later  parts  of  Der  rOmische  Limes  in  Oesterreich,  Vienna,  1900-  will  give  valuable 
information  about  the  fortifications  along  the  Danube. 

»Not.  Dign.  Occ.  ix.  21.  sp.  221.  WP.  214;  cf.  CIL.  III.  11872  (teg.)  (7). 

11 IX.  2593  (p.  196,  n.  6) ;  III,  p.  232850  (teg.) ;  Ovilava  is  not  mentioned  in  the  Notitia 
dignitatum. 

12  P.  221 ;  III.  5757  6,  m  (teg.).  ^■^  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxiv.  38;  CIL.  III.  5688. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOHICl'M    AND    KAKTIA  IW 

Bricks  of  leg.  II  Ital.  (lating  from  tlu-  |»«'rio<l  wlu-ri  \<nrU  of 
Noricum  and  Pannonia  were  united  under  one  dux,  are  coninjon 
in  Pannonia  superior  near  Carnuntum  and  Vindobona.' 

In  the  fourth  century  a  part  of  the  legion  was  in  Africa,* 
another  detachment  at  Divitia  on  \hv  Low«r  Tihine.'  No  other 
stations  are  known.* 

Active  scrricc. —  An  ex[)editioii  against  the  Daci^  and  a  war 
with  the  Goths*  are  known  from  epitaphs  but  cannot  be  dated.' 
For  the  rest,  the  inscriptions  of  Noricum  give  no  information.* 

LEGIO  II  ITALICA:  OFFICERS  AND  SOLDIERS.* 

HIGHER    OFFICERS 

Leuati  Legionis  See  Noricum  25-33 

Duces  Limitanei  See  Noricum  3^36 

Pbaefecti  '" 

P.Vibius  P.  f.  Marianus"  VI.  16;^6 

Tribuni 

Maccius  Severiuus  XII.  l.'iT)*;  (Vasio) 

Sex.   Ticiasenus  Sex.  f.  XI.  4371  (Ameria) 

Sex.  n.  Sex.  prou.  Clu. 
Allianus 

[III.  5657] 

•  Noricum  36.  'i  Not.  Dign-  Occ.  vii.  H4  =  t.  88  =  836. 
3C/L.  XI.  4787;  VI.  3637;  see  PW.  V.  liSHf.;  CIL.  .\I1I.  68U ;  70r)4,  7750f.;  7761. 

<  Isolated  bricks  found  elsewhere  are  uiidoubti'dly  chauco  im|>ortatiunK:  III.  10682 
(Pann.  inf.)  ;  11849  e  (Mautern);  cf.  p.  '2IX,.  (Jlandfs  of  tlii.s  h'trion  are  spuriou.s:  1  >.  6M;  IX. 
667*  f. ;  EE.  VI,  pp.  M8ff.    On  CIL.  III.  4«.^0  (Viruiium),  see  III.  p.  M". 

sin.  4X57;  5218.  «1II.  11700. 

'III.  4835;  48.50  (cf.  5234)  also  are  the  epitaphs  of  soldiers  slain  in  war.  111.  .•C70(Tr.uU>- 
bnrgium,  Pann.  inf.,  226  a.  d.)  and  lOR.  I.  678  (Thrace,  north  of  S.'rdic«)  probably  ohow 
that  the  legion  took  part  in  some  Eastern  expedition. 

*  P.  165,  n.  4. 

'The  offices  arearrauKod  approximately  in  the  <irdi'r  of  rank,  the  officers  alphabetically 
except  in  the  list  of  beneficiarii  consularis  (pp.  200  f.),  which  i>  in  chrouoloKicul  order.  The 
Qumbors  within  brackets  which  are  apimuded  to  several  of  the  lists  refer  t4i  iu>criptions 
containitiK  no  indication  of  the  troop  to  which  the  soldier  boloUKe<i.  They  arc  included 
here  because  of  the  slight  presumption  that  the  legion  stationed  in  the  province  is  moaut 
when  no  other  is  named. 

i"iVo<.  Dign.  Ore.  xxxiv.  .37-.39. 

'1  D.  m.  s.  P.  Vibi  P.  f.  Mariani  o.  m.  v.,  proc.  ot  praesidi  iirov.  Sardiniue,  p.  p.  bin.  trib. 
cohh.  X  pr.,  XI  urb.,  IIII  vIk.,  praef.  \vn.  II  Ital.,  p.  p.  Ie<r.  Ill  Oull..  7  frumcuU,  oriuodo  ex 

Ital.  lul.  Dertona, ;    it  is  not  clear  why  a  date  under  Soptimiun  Severon  in  aiuiiinted 

(l^ieb.  (Juaestt.  p.  7G).     EE.  I,  p.  99.  u.  2.S;  I'n^.  III.  422.  u.  387. 


200 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


CENTURIONS 


Pbimipilares  ' 
Val.  CI.  Quintus^ 
M.  Gavius  Firmus' 

[III.  5341] 
Ordinarii* 

Florius  Baudio* 
Centuriones 

[M.  Fetronius  Fortuua- 
tus]« 

Saturninus ' 

L.  Sep[t.  T]ertinu[s]* 

nius  [Projculus* 

[III.  5582,  p.  1839] 

PRINCIPALES:    SERVING    UNDER 

Benefioiabii  Consularis"'  '^ 
Rufi.  Senilis 


Sept.  18,  191 


Under  Severus 
or  Caracalla 

Septimius  Se- 
verus or  later 


M.  Ulpius  Acilianus 


M.  Aurelius  or 
Commodus" 

M.  Aurelius  or 
Commodus'* 


III.  4855  (Virunum) 
III.  15208  (Lauriacum) 
III.  11824  [Lauriacum] 


XI.  4787  (Spoletium) 

VIII.  217  (Mausoleum 

Petroniorum) 
VIII.  17626  (Vazaivi) 
III.  5300  (Kerschbach) 

III.  4861  (Virunum) 


A    PRAEPOSITUS 

III.  5188  (Celeia)"* 
III.  5180  (Celeia) 


1  Madvig,  Verf.  u.  Verw.  d.  rom.  Staates,  II.  565. 

2 "pp.  leg.  II  Ital.,  duci  leg.  Ill  Ital.,  duci  et  praep.  leg.  Ill  Aug."    Cf.  p.  207. 

3  See  Noricum  26.  ♦  EJS.  IV,  pp.  239  f . 

^"viroducenario,  protector!  ex  ordinario  leg.  II  Ital.  Divit."  Cf.  p.  199,  n.  3;  Marq.  II. 
609  ff. ;  EE.  V,  p.  122,  n.  14. 

BLieb.  Quaestt.  p.  17. 

7 "  [bf.]  leg.  Ill  Au[g.  ex]pleta  [sJtatioQO  pr[o]motas  ad  [7]  leg.  II  Italicae." 

8 The  rank  (7)  is  restored. 

9CIL.  III.  4861:  ....  nius  [Pro]culus  7  l[eg.]  II  Italic,  fr.  Fr.  at  the  end  of  this 
inscription  is  explained  fr(atri)  in  the  note,  fr(umentariu3)  in  the  index,  p.  2475.  Cf.  p.  202 
and  n.  12. 

iUjB-B.  IV,  pp.  531-537. 

I >  It  is  generally  stated,  as  by  Cauer,  EE.  IV,  pp.  379,  385;  Marq.  II.  549,  n.  7,  that  co(n)- 
s(ularis)  in  this  title  (and  by  implication,  therefore,  in  str.  cos.,  libr.  cos.,  etc.)  designates 
the  holder  as  the  assistant  of  a  man  of  consular  rank.  The  lists  here  given  are  enough  to 
show  that  in  the  less  important  provinces  the  original  meaning  of  the  terms  had  been 
extended  to  include  the  helpers  of  the  legatus  pro  praetore,  regardless  of  his  rank,  which  in 
Noricum  and  Raetia  was  praetorian  or  less  (p.  168). 

12  The  following  names  (with  the  exception  of  the  fourth  and  the  last)  are  learned  from 
a  series  of  dedications  to  I.  O.  M.,  often  with  the  addition  of  d(is)  d(eabus),  the  imperial 
house,  or  a  local  deity  (Celeia,  Noreia,  or  Bedaius).  See  pp.  166, 182  f.  on  similar  inscriptions 
by  beneficiarii  of  procurators. 

13  This  inscription  and  that  of  P.  Aelius  Verinus  below,  to  judge  from  the  place  of  find- 
ing, the  dedications  to  local  deities  (Celeia  and  Noreia),  and  the  similarity  in  form  toothera 
of  the  series,  surely  belong  to  the  legion  stationed  in  Noricum. 

1*  From  the  circumstances  of  finding  and  the  simple  form,  the  date  is  quite  certainly 
early,  i.  e.,  before  the  cognomen  pia  fidelis  was  given  by  Septimius  Severus  (p.  197). 


ADMINISTBATION    OP    NOUICUM    AND    RAKTIA 


201 


Benefioiarii  Consdlaris 
Q.  Sextius  Pullaenius 

1 

C.  Aemil.  Respcnitus 

C.  Liciniiis  Bellicianus 
P.  Aelius  Vt'iimis 
Vib.  Cassias  Victorinus 
Restitutiu[s  TJutor 
M.  Aurel.  Instiis 
Tul.  luvenis 
Vind.  Venis 
C.  Oppius  Bebius 
M.  Rusticus  P.  [f.  r]uni- 
anus 


....   ins    Qui[nti]l[i]a- 

n[ujs 
[III.  4776;  4860;  5072;  5631;  14366,] 

Benefioiarii  Praefecti  Leqionis' 

Jul.  Apricius  Septimius   Se- 

verus  or  later 
Benefioiarii  Tbibuni* 

P.   Florius    P.   fil.  Vol.      M.Aureliua 
Praenestimis  ^ 

Benefioiarii  * 

[III.  4771,  11496;  4833;  4852;  5160;  5221; 

Stratores  Consularis'-* 
M.  Aurel.  Sa[lvi]anus' 


192 

Aft.- 

r2()5i?) 

May 

15,  209 

Dec. 

13,211 

213 

215 

215 

217 

May 

15,  219 

May 

15,  226 

226 

May 

15,230 

June  23,  238 

Date 

uiiknowu 

Under  Alexan- 
der Severus 


M.  Aurelius  Secundinus 

LiBRARII  CONSULARIS"'  '" 

C.Tocernius  Maximianus 
[III.  5435;  5631] 


in.  r)i7H(0.i.,i;i) 

in.  55.37  (luvavum) 

III.    14361    (S.    Leonhaitl 

ne^ir  Villach) 
III.  5187  (Celeia) 
III.  5154  {d'h-my 
III.  5185  (G'leia) 
III.  11482  (UnU^rthOrl) 
III.  5189  (O'leia) 
III.  5580 (Be<laiuin) 
III.  5575(Btxlaiuin) 
III.  3270 (T.MitoburKium) 
III.  5690  (Boiodurum) 

III.  4820  (Virunum) 
III.  11676(Atniu.s) 


III.  5671  (Fafiana) 
IX.  2593  (Terventum) 

5517;  11524] 

III.  5449  (Semriach) 
III.  4836  (Virunum) 

V.  375  (Neapolis) 


1  Cf.  Noricum  29.  »Cf.  p.  200,  n.  13. 

3  EE.  IV,  p.  39.3 ;  I,  pp.  81  ff .  ♦  EE.  IV,  p.  39r>. 

i  D.  m.  3.  P.  Fiorio  P.  fll.  Vol.  Praenestinn,  mil.  It^oQ.  in  Ni>ric<>  Ael.  Obilab.,  b.  trib. 
vizit  aunis  KXIII.  Florius  Praestiaua  nt  Maicia  Spoudi  .  .  .  Alio  piisaimfo  et  HJbi]  w.  [I.]. 
P.  196.  n.6. 

«  EE.  IV,  pp.  399  f.  ^  EE.  IV.  pp.  408  ff. ;  Marq.  II.  M^.  »  P.  300,  n.  11. 

'"vet.  log.  II  It.  p.  f.  Severiane  efx  stlratoru  cos." 

tOEE.  IV,  pp.  42.5  ff.;  Marq.  II.  .-1.50. 


202 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


PRINCIPALES:     NOT    UNDER    A    PRAEPOSITUS 


Option  Es'' 

M.  Firmidius  Spectatus  ^      April  11, 200 

lul.  P 

Val.  Vario  4th  century 

Tessekarii* 

Aur.  Saturninus'* 

SlGNIFERl'* 

Aurel.  I 

Terent.  Lucianus 

Val.  Genialis  4th  century 

Cob(nicines) '' 

Val.  Saturnanus 
Frumentarii '^ 

Accius  Maximus 

M.  Avp.  'A\e$av8poi 

Aurelius  Lucianus' 

M.  Firmidius  Spectatus '«    Apr.  11,  200 

nius  [Projculus  " 

[111.5592]'^ 

CUSTODES    ArMORUm'^ 

Sacron.  Veriuus  '* 
MEDici'^ 

L.  Caelius  Arrianus 
Ddplarii  '^ 

Aur.  Secuudian.'' 
Immunes'*' 

Aurelius  Ursinianus 


XL  1322  (Luna) 

III.  11823  (Lauriacum) 

XL  4787  (Spoletium) 

VL  2672 

TIL  11822  (Lauriacum) 

V.  46  (Pola) 

VI.  3637 

XL  4085  (Ocriculum) 

III.  4830  (Virunum) 
IGR.\.2'd  =  IG.  XIV.  958 

(Rome) 
VL  3340 
XL  1322  (Luna) 
III.  4861  (Virunum) 


IIL  5106  (S.Veit  near  Wal- 
V.  4367  (Brixia) 
IIL  4835  (Virunum) 
IIL  11816  (Fafiana) 


1  P.  200,  n.  10;  Marq.  II.  545.  2  EE.  IV,  pp.  441  ff. 

'i  See  list  of  frumentarii  below, 

<  EE.  IV,  pp.  452  ff. ;  Mispoulet,  Inst,  polit.  II.  352.  '"  P.  165,  n.  4. 

6  EE.  IV,  pp.  364  fiF. ;  DS.  III.  1057.  '  EE.  IV,  pp.  376  f . 

«  EE.  IV,  pp.  455  ff. ;  Marq.  II.  491  ff. ;  DS.  II.  1348;  Rdm.  Mitt.  XX.  .310  ff. 
9"frumentarus  {sic)  [inj  legionem  II  Itali[cam  ad]  frum[ejntarias  [res  curandas]." 
10  See  list  of  optiones  above.  "  See  list  of  centurions,  p.  200. 

i^The  abbreviation  fr.  in  this  inscription  might  be  explained  fr(atri)  as  well  as  fr(umen- 
tarius) ;  cf.  p.  200,  u.  9. 

i»  EE.  IV,  pp.  437  ff . ;  Marq.  II.  551.  >♦  "  vet.  leg.  II  Ita.,  cnstos  armor." 

iSMarq.  11.  .551;  DS.  III.  1062;  1688  f.  WMarq.  II.  544;  DS,  II,  415. 

1'  "  militi  an.  XXX  imbello  desiderate." 

i«  A^JS.  IV,  pp.  409  ff. ;  Marq.  II.  514;  DS.  III.  415  f. 


ADMINISTRATION    OV    NOBICIM    AND    KAETIA 


2():i 


I'Kivatl:  soldi i:ks 


MlLITES' 

Aimamatus 
Aur.  Boniatiis 

Aur.  lustinus 
Aur.  lustinus 
Avp.  M«o"T/3u4  vd?  ] 
Aurel.  Tertianus 
Aur.  Victor 
[Ajurelius  .  .guto^ 
Auspicatus 

Bt'bius  Acceptus 

Exuperous 
Fabiauus 


Uuder  Alt'xaii- 
der  Severus 


Septimius   Se- 
verus or  later 


111.  llS-22  (Laiiriannn) 
III,   p.    KMfi    ad    II.    iVJl, 

p.  IS1.'{  (Niruiiunij 
III.  r)2lS(01.ia) 
III.  r)r.(;7  (B<tlaiwm) 
J(JR.  I.  fi7H  (Thnice) 
III.  iXM'ui  (Viruiuira) 
III.  117(X)  (Q'leia) 
V.  46  (Pola) 
III.  14:^69-7,  »/( LotKehitz) 

III.  4S:n  (Virunnni) 

III.  r>412(Voitsb'rK) 
III.  14369^71     (Lotst-hitz) 
(t^'g.) 


Firmiuus 

Septimius 

Se- 

III.  11BB3  (Virunum) 

venis  or 

later 

Fortunatus 

III.  5757,  2;  14369^  6  d 
(Lot.schitz)  (teg.) 

T.  Gallius  Euphros  [y]  n. 

V.  8277  (Aquil.ia) 

luvenis 

III.  14369^0, /MLotsc-hitz) 

(teg.) 

Lici.  Maximinus 

III.  15184 «,  p.  265;^  (Nori- 
cum  near  Poetovio) 

Melissus 

III.   143692  (J  (Lotschitz) 

Nigelio 

III.  M48  (Feistritz) 

Optatus 

III.  lim2(Scliratz»>jich) 

Patr. 

III.  5757,  3  (TrojanalK-rg) 
(t^-p.) 

Pompeianus 

III.  11851  a-c  (Heilen- 
Htein);  14:^69^<'-/.  (Lot- 
schitz) (t4-g.) 

QuintianuR 

111.5757,4;  14;^i9-:i,A(Lot- 
st'hitz);    UHW  (H.ileii- 

sU-ili)  (teg.) 

Sex.  Sarminus 

Under  Alexan- 

III. 5()<*);^,  118(M;(S.   I.«x)n- 

der 

Severus 

hartl  am  Forbt) 

'  Tbis  list  includes  eight  names  occurrinK on  IcKiouary  t^nnilao  from  the  Ticioity  of  C«leia. 
aV,  p.  1105  wronKly  givcB  the  name  as*  [A  lurelius  .  .gnto  inxtoad  of  (Alurcliuii  .  .jruto. 


204 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


MiLITES 

Severinius  Silvinus 

Valerius  Priscianus 

Vep(onius)  Quart[inus] 

Vettius  Vita[lis] 
.  .  pitus 


Under  Alexan- 
der Severus 

Septimius  Se- 
verus or  later 

Septimius  Se- 
verus or  later 


III,   p.   1046  ad  n.   4791, 

p.  1813  (Virunum) 
III.  4856  (Virunum) 

HI.  4857  (Virunum) 


III.  5614  (Weihmorting) 
III.  5688  (Lentia) 
Caracalla      or      III,  4862  (Virunum) 
Elagabalus 


Septimius   Se- 
verus or  later 

Septimius   Se- 
verus or  later 


III.  11816  (Fafiana) 
III.  8730  (Salonae) 
III.  5409  (Stallhofen) 

III.  5624  (Liitzlberg) 
III.  5671  (Fafiana) 

III.  4853  (Virunum) 


[HI.  4733;  4841;  13529] 

Vetebani 
Aelius  Valen[s] 
Aur.  Maternus 
M.  Aur.  Secundinus 

Messo[r]i[u]s  Matuco 
Seccius  Secundinus 

Tadius  Victor 

[III.  4831;  5064;  5142;  5218;  5219;  5335;  5339;  5520;  5631;  5670;  5692] 

LEGIO  I  NOKICORUM.' 

Stations. — The  following  sites  were  garrisoned  by  legio  I 
Noricorum  during  the  fourth  century. 

1.  Fafiana 

Not.  Dign.  Occ  xxxiv.  41:  praefectus  legionis  liburnariorum  ^  pri- 
morum  Noricorum,  Fafianae. 

2.  Idenna 

Tegulae  (found  at  Mauer-Oehling  in  Noricum^  and  also  in  Pannonia 
superior*  and  inferior^):  figulinas  luensianas  leg.  I  Nor. 

Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxiv.  40:  praefectus  legionis  primae  Noricorum 
militum  liburnariorum'"^  cohortis  quintae  partis  superioris,  Adiuvense. 

The  single  extant  inscription  of  the  legion  was  probably  erected 
by  a  soldier  from  this  division. 

CIL.  III.  4803  (Virunum): Ulpius  Valerius  specul.**  leg.  primae 

Nor. . 

I  DS.  III.  1091.  2  p.  221.  3  OIL.  III.  11848.  p.  2328200. 

*III.  6189;  11349a  (Ragendorf) ;  p.  232842, 197  (Purbach;  Vienna). 
^III.  11:J49c  (Mitrovicz).  ^  EE.  IV,  pp.  459  fif. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOBKIM    AND    RAKTIA  205 

It  is  not  possible  to  determine  from  the  presence  of  bricks  alone 
whether  or  not  a  given  point  was  occupied  by  the  legion.  The 
fact,  however,  that  tegulae  made  at  luenna  were  exported  to  such 
a  distance  as  the  eastern  borders  of  Pnnnonia  inferior'  makes  it 
slightly  more  probable  that  those  also  which  were  stamped  simply 
LEG  I  NOR^  were  articles  of  commerce  rather  than  of  local 
manufacture. 

OTHER  LEGIONS. 

There  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  any  other  legions  were  ever 
stationed  in  Noricum.^ 

II.     The  Legions  of  Raetia. 
LEGIO  III  ITALICA  :  HISTORY.* 

Formation.  —  Legio  III  Italica  was  formed  by  M.  Au re  11  us* 
in  165/169  at  the  same  time  as  legio  II  Italica;  in  170  it  fur- 
nished a  detail  for  the  repairs  at  Salonae;'  by  179/1  HO  it  had 
arrived  in  Raetia  and  was  engaged  in  fortifying  the  nortluTn 
frontier.^ 

Name  and  titles.  —  The  legion  was  at  first  known  as  III 
Concordia;'  for  a  short  time  after  its  arrival  in  Raetia  as  III 
Italica  Concordia,'  then  as  III  Italica  alone  or.  less  frequently, 

>P.  204,  n.  5;    cf.  p.  199,  n.  4. 

''OIL.  III.  11847  (Mauer-OohlinR) ;  4655a  (Schwechat,  Paun.  sup.). 

3 The  followinj?  inscriptions  montioninK  other  leKionsarp  not  of  such  a  nature  as  to  indi- 
cate their  presence  in  the  province: 


leg.  I  adi. 

III 

4787 

leg 

X  gpm. 

1 1 1.  .M.56  a;. 5293;  5460; 

IMin. 

.53:« 

.%4«6;.V.10;570e: 

II  adi. 

5044  i.-rai;, 5417; 

14.'W9i 

5430 

XIII  gem. 

5223;.'i;C«:ft525 

II  Auk. 

5476 

Xllllgem. 

.5338:5497 

Ill  Aug. 

4855;. 56.30;  11714 

XV  Ap. 

5334;  56,16:5680 

VMac. 

4«!>9;5130 

XX  V.  V. 

5184  :V.77:  11746 

VI  ferr. 

13524 

XXI  rap. 

4840 

VI  Vict. 

118.V.J  (teg.) 

XXII  pr. 

4848 

VII  CI. 

5202 

XXX  UIp.  V. 

5211;  5212:5214; 

VII  gem. 

5579 

5215;  1530f.i 

VII  Vict. 

Ann.  Kp.  1904,  187 

incertae 

5S28;  11667 

VIII  Aug. 

III 

48.58 ;  5220 

See  VI.  31871  (cited  on 

p.  211.  n.  6). 

«DS.  III.  1080. 

&Cf.  CIL.  V 

7865 f.  (p.  208,  n.  3) 

•  F.  19S. 

'Raetia  14. 15;  cf 

.Ill 

1437010  (Castra  Re 

giua; 

178  A.  D.  7). 

•  P.  197.  n.  5. 

206  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

with  the  addition  of  a  cognomen  derived  from  the  name  of  the 
reigning  emperor,  Antoniniana'  or  Gordiana.^ 

Legionary  coins. —  Like  legio  II  Italica/  the  Raetic  legion 
was  named  on  the  coinage  of  Septimius  Severus  (193  a.  d.  )*  and 
of  Gallieniis.'^ 

Stations. —  The  permanent  camp  was  at  Castra  Regina.^ 
Detachments  sent  from  there  helped  fortify  and  perhaps,  in 
some  cases,  garrison  various  other  points  along  the  Danube  and 
the  limes  Raeticus,  as  Bohming,'  Abusina,"*  Straubing,®  etc.'" 

A  station  at  Augusta  Vindelicum,  a  place  of  strategic  impor- 
tance because  of  its  location  at  the  junction  of  two  rivers  and 
several  roads,  seems  not  improbable.  Moreover,  bricks  have  been 
found  at  Westheim,  five  or  six  miles  west  of  the  city."  The 
inscriptions  from  Augusta  and  vicinity'^  would  not  be  conclusive 
in  themselves. 

By  the  time  of  the  Notitia  dignitatum  the  northern  portion  of 
Raetia  had  been  abandoned  and  the  camp  at  Reginum  moved  to 
Vallatum;'^  other  divisions  of  the  legion,  each  under  a  praefectus, 
were  located  at  Submuntorium,  at  Cambodunum  and  in  the  neigh- 
boring country  from  Vimania  to  Cassiliacum,  and  at  Foetus  and 
Terioli.'*     Still  another  part  was  in  Illyricum."^ 

1  Under  Caracalla  (211-217)  or  Elagabalus  (218-222):  III.  1178;  142076. 

■iUnder  Gordian  III  (2.38-24'l) :  III.  5768;  Gordiana  is  omitted  in  III.  5942  (240  a.  d.). 

3  Pp.  197  f. 

*  Cohen,  IV,  p.  .31,  nn.  262  f. ;  Eckhel,  VII,  p.  16«. 

5  Cohen,  V,  p.  389,  nn.  4S7-498  ;  Eckhel,  VII,  p.  402  (symbols  :  a  stork ;  a  bull ;  cf.  DS.  III. 
1074  f.).  VI.P.VI.F.  and  VII.!'. VII. F.  are  still  more  puzzling  than  on  the  coins  of  leg.  II 
Ital.,  because  wo  have  no  knowledge  that  leg.  Ill  Ital.  was  ever  called  pia  fidelis  before  the 
time  of  Gallienus. 

BTegulae:  OIL.  III.  6000,  pp.  1051,  2328*3;  386*;  Ann.  Ep.  1906, 1H3;  milestones  giving  the 
distance  a  l(e)g(ione) :  III.  5996  (201  a.  d.)  ;  5997  (195  and  215  A.  D.) ;  a  large  number  of  inscrip- 
tions from  members  of  the  legion,  dating  from  179-180  (cf.  p.  205,  n.  7)  to  the  time  of  Diocletian 
or  after  (Raetia  31) ;  Tab.  Pcut.  IIIc;  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxv.  17.    Cf.  OIL.  Ill,  p.  7.30. 

'Raetia  15.  s*Tegulae:  III.  6000;  11986;  11989.  nil.  11988  (teg.). 

10 Bricks  have  also  been  found  at  Abbach  and  Alkofen  near  Castra  Regina  (III.  6000; 
12005  (p(ia)  fi(delis)  ?));  Lietzheim  (?)  (6000);  Ummendorf  (p.  232853).  A  find  of  bricks  as 
at  Abbach  and  Alkofen,  or  of  inscriptions  like  tliose  from  Latiingeu-Faimingen  (5874;  .5876) 
does  not  prove  even  a  temporary  occupation  by  legionaries ;  cf.  Franziss,  pp.  42,  284,  293,  296, 
340,  343,  etpasRtm.  Frauziss's  statement  (p.  343)  that  bricks  of  the  third  legion  have  been 
discovere(i  at  Ktlnzing  (Quintianae)  has  not  been  verified.  With  regard  to  BOhming  and 
Pfanz,  see  Allen,  pp.  359 f. 

I'lII.  6000,  11987.  Villi.  5793  (cf.  Raetia  11);  5812;  .5814;  5816-5818;  5823. 

13  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxv.  17.  i*  Ibid.  xxxv.  18,  19,  21,  22.  15  Ibid.  v.  88  =  237  =  vii.  53. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NORUTM    AND    RAKTIA 


207 


Active  scrvirr. — The  insi-riptioii.s  prove  that  the  third  h-^ion 
made  a  successful  expedition  against  the  Buri,  jxisHibly  under 
Marcus  or  Commodus,'  and  took  part  in  the  German  wars  of  197* 
and  213  a.  d.  ;'  after  the  close  of  the  latter  campaign,  tumm  Haetic 

soldiers  perhaps  accompanied  Caracalla  to  the  Kast.' 


LEGIO  III  ITALICA:   OFFICERS  AND  SOLDI  i:US.» 

HIGHER    OFFICERS 


Leoati  Leoionis 
Duces  Limitanei 
Praefeoti 
Secundinus* 

Trlbuni  Laticlavii 

M.  Aunaeiis  Saturuimis 

Clodianus  Aelianus' 
C.  Julius  Ing'euuus'* 


S.v  liiietia  11  22 
Set^  Raetia  23  26 

Diocletian     or      III.    14370,i    (Castra    Re 


later 


^•iua) 
VI.  i;in 
V.  5032  (Tridentum) 


L.   Marius   L.    f.    Quir.      Under      Com-      VI.  1450 
Maximus     Perpetuus  modu.s,     Imv 


Aiu-elianus* 
Tribdni  (Angusticlavii)'" 
C.  Aunius  Flavianus" 

Gn.    Pompeius   Ponipe- 
ianus 

Ddces  ''^ 

Val.  CI.  Quintus" 


fore   190 

Marcus       and      VIII.  ITiMX)  (Thainu^';wli) 
Commodua 

VI.  a'->'29 


III.  4855  (Viniiium) 


IC/L.  III.  .59.31  (near  Kelheim).    Cf.  p.  aOK.  n.  4;  Sch.  I.  64S,  662.  «  Baetia  18 

3  Raetia  20.  ♦  CIL.  III.  U3iyj«  ( Perinthus.  Tlin»c«) . 

5  P.  199,  n.  9;  ArnoM,  p.  e,Z.  'Soe  Raetia  .11. 

'"v(ir)c(lari9simua)."     ProH.  I.  .58.  n.  ♦.'M. 

«"c(laris.simus)  i(uvenist)."     Prot.  II.  196,  n.  240. 

»"duci  exerciti  Mysiaci  aimt  Byzantium  (19.5  196)  ot  iipnl  Linni'iiiniiin  (197),  |.'k-  !"«•  • 
Italic,  cur.  viae  Latinao,  item  reip.  Favontinorum,  allocto  inter  pranUtrioit,  trib.  plob.  oan- 
didato,  quae.stori  urbano,  trib.  laticl.  log.  XXII  primiK..  «t<'m  III  Italicno."  Proj.  II.  5W, 
n.  2.^3;  Lieb.  Verw.  pp.  201  f. 

'"That  those  tribunes  were  anjfusticlavii  is  soon  from  the  wi>rds  ".mjik.  publiro  "  in  ihn 
ioscriptioDS  relating  to  them. 

li"praefec.  cohortis  IIII  Raeturum.  donis  miliUrib.  donatus  ballo  (t.)r(ma)nioo  II." 
P.  223;  Pros.  I.  64,  n.  486;  PW.  I.  2265,  d.  44. 

lip.  170  and  n.  1;  IHuertat.  Hulineni.lV.  mfT.;  DS.  III.  10r)2.  USe«p.aOO. 


208 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


Centdriones  ' 
Ael.  Fortis^ 
Q.    Eniboudius 

tan  us  ^ 
Fl.  Vetulenus* 


Mon- 


lul.  Iu[l?]linus« 
C.  Managnius  Justus 
C.  Nonius  Manlianus* 
L,  Numerius  L.  f.  Felix 
M.  Ulp.  Caius* 

M.  Ulpius  Secundus' 

Ulp.  Vitalis 

[III.  5820;  15210,] 


CENTURIONS 
181  A.  D.     . 

Under  M. 
Aurelius 

Perhaps  under 
Marcus  or 
Commodus 

181  A.  D. 


CJaracalla  or 
Elagabalus 


III.  I437O2  (Bohming) 

V.  7865,  7866  (Cemenelum) 

III.  5937  (near  Kelheim) 


III.  I437O2  (Bohming) 
III.  5817  (Augusta) 
VIII.  2953  (Lambaesis) 

II.  4162  (Tarraco) 

III.  1178  (Apulum) 

III.  5876  (Lauingen) 
III.  7785  (Apulum) 


PRINCIPALES  :    SERVING    UNDER    A    PRAEPOSITUS 

Beneficiarii  Consularis** 

Severius  Severianus'"  Under    Gor-      III.  5768  (Brigantium) 

dian 
[III.  5815] 

Beneficiarii  Praefecti  Castrorum" 

Iul[iu8  Ca]ndidius  III.  5953 


I  Cf.  also  OIL.  II.  18*. 


2  See  RaetialS. 


3"C)leg.  Ill  Italicae,  ordinatns  ex  eq.  Rom.  ab  domino  Imp.  M.  Aurel.  Antonino  Ang." 
«S.  IV,  p.  240  on  n.  61. 

♦"I.  O.  M.  Statori  Fl.  Vetulenus  7  leg.  Ill  Ital.  reversus  ab  expedit.  Burica  ex  voto 
posait."  P.  207.  Allen,  pp.  363  f.,  gives  this  stone  as  from  Abusina,  saying :  "It  is  significant 
that  although  there  is  no  evidence  leading  us  to  suppose  that  legionaries  were  ever  sta- 
tioned at  this  point  [but  cf.  p.  206,  n.  8]  the  legionary  centurion  returned  here  and 
rendered  a  vow  for  the  successful  issue  of  the  expedition  just  as  though  this  were  his  regular 
place  of  sojourn."  The  inscription,  however,  was  found  near  Kelheim,  which  is  on  the 
Danube.  What  would  be  more  natural  than  for  the  soldier  to  pay  his  vow  on  returning  to 
the  frontier  of  the  province  in  which  he  was  serving  7 

B  Cagnat,  p.  109. 

6  OIL.  III.  1201 ;  Jung,  Dae.  p.  95. 

7 There  is  no  evidence  for  the  assumption  (Allen,  p.  364)  that  an  auxiliary  corps  was 
encamped  at  Lauingen  in  charge  of  Ulpius;  cf.  p.  206,  n.  10. 

8  P.  200,  n.  10.  Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  remaining  inscriptions  listed  for  this 
legion  were  found  at  Castra  Regina. 

9P.  200,  n.  11.  iO"[bf.]cos."  lip.  201,  n.  3. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOBICUM    AND    BAETIA 


209 


CORNICULARII  TrIBUNI  ' 

M.  Aur.  Amandus 
[III.  14370,] 

LiBRARII  CoNSfLARIs' 

Ti.  lulius  Aelianus* 
lul.  Amandus 

EXACTI  COXSCLARIS* 

T.  Fl.  Clemens 


III.  5974  (MflnRter) 


III.  5953 

III.  6814  (Augusta) 

III.  5812  (Augusta) 


PKINCIPALES:     NOT    UNDER    A    PRAEPOSITUS* 


Optioxes* 
[DJonatus ' 
lulius  Ouvenis'* 

lul.  Saturninus' 
Option-es  Praetori'" 

[III.  5803] 
Aquiliferi" 

lul.  Clemen[s] 
Siqniferi'^ 

M.  Iuveni[us  .  .  .  .  ]io'* 

[M]arcellinius  Marce[lli]nus 

C.  Senilius  Pervinc[us] ''' 
Imaginiferi  '* 

[III.  13544] 
Frcmentarii  '■"' 

T.  CI.  Severus 
Adlectus  Annonae 

C.  Valerius  C.  f.  Pap.  Marianus'* 


III.  5958 

III.  5976  (Eastern  Europe 

or  Asia  Minor) 
III.  11969 


III.  5816  (Augusta) 

III.  5956 
III.  5952 
III.  5818  (Augusta) 


V.  6869  (Alpis  Poenina) 
V.  5036  (Tridentum) 


f. ;  DS.  1. 1509. 


libr.  [cos. J." 

»  P.  200.  n.  »0. 


I  EE.  IV,  pp.  412  ff.;  Marq.  II.  546;  PW.  IV 
3  P.  200,  n.  11 ;  p.  201,  n.  10. 

*  P.  200,  n.  11 ;  EE.  IV,  pp.  431  f. ;  Marq.  II.  .5.51 ;   DS.  II.  87^ 
•Cauer,  EE.  IV,  pp.  441  ff.;  Marq.  II.  545. 

'Omitted  by  Cauer  (loc.  cit.),  altbongh  indexed  in  CIL.  Ill,  p.  1140. 

*  Omitted  in  the  index  of  names  in  the  Corpiu. 

9  Wc  know  of  no  legion  encamped  at  Castra  Re«fin«  oxcept  III  Itnlirn,  which  ii 
tioned  previously  in  this  inscription. 
10££.  IV,  p.  44.5. 

II  EE.  IV,  pp.  371  f. ;  Diz.  Ep.  I.  .588.  "  P.  202.  n.  fl. 
13  This  man  was  a  veteranus  ex  oiRnifero. 

i«  EE.  IV,  pp.  372  ff .  1^  P.  202,  n.  8. 

1*  CIL.  Ill,  p.  1171 :  "  non  miles,  sed  civis  Tridentinn*  eqnestri*  dimiitatit." 


210 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


CUSTODES  ArMORUM  ' 

Aur.  Sabinus 

III.  6571 

Aur.  Statianus 

III.  5951 

POLLIONES  ^ 

Fl.  Amabil. 

III.  5949 

Tdbicines^ 

Sep.  Impetratus* 

III.  5957 

Medici  Ordinarii  * 

III.  6532 

[III.  5959] 

Ddplarii 

[III.  5909] 

Immunes^ 

lul.  Cattanus 

III.  11969 

PKIVATE    soldiers' 

MiLITES 

M.  Antoninus 

III.  6000  c  (teg.)* 

Aur.  Patruinus 

III.  6571 

Aurel.  Victorinus 

III.  11966 

Equester  Paulus 

Caracalla  or 
Elagabalus 

III.  142076  (Perinthus) 

Fl.  Decoratus' 

III.  5823  (Augusta) 

Fl.  Marcellinus 

III.  5950 

M(arcius)  Ursus 

III.  3309  (Sopianae) 

....  ant.  Potens' 

III.  6531 

M.  Speratus 

III.  6000  d  (teg.) » 

....  is  Val[en  .  . 

9 

III.  11970 

[III.  5954;"  11957 ;« 

11967;  11978] 

Veterani'" 

CI.  Reticus 

III.  11968 

[III.  5813;  5883;  5889,  p.  1050] 

Eqdites 

Aur.  Pervincian. 

July  25,  240 

III.  5942 

CI.  Donatus 

III.  5947 

[III.  5946;  11956] 

Veterani  ex  equite 

M.  Aur.  Militio 

III.  5955 

[III.  5948] 

1  p.  202,  n.  13.  2  DS.  III.  1057. 

3  EE.  IV,  pp.  374  ff. ;  Marq.  II.  552.  ♦  "  vPt.  ex  leg.  Ill  Ital.  m.  h.  m.  ex  t.bc." 

»  P.  202,  n.  15.     6  P.  202,  n.  18.    '  Ct.,  perhaps,  CIL.  III.  5944.  8  Perhaps  not  genuine. 

•  The  rank  is  unknown,  owing  to  the  mutilation  of  the  stone,    lo  Cf .  III.  143702  (Raetia  16) . 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOHICLM    ANJJ    KAETIA  211 

LEGIO  III  AUGUSTA. 

Former  soldiers  of  legio  III  Augusta  were  among  those  assem- 
bled in  Raetia  in  the  summer  of  253  who  proclaimed  Valerian 
emperor.'  They  had  returned  to  Africa  by  Oct.  22  of  the  same 
year.^ 

OTHER  LEGIONS.' 

Veterans  of  leg.  I  (Germauica)  and  leg.  XX  (Valeria  victrix) 
in  Lower  Germany  were  sent  into  Raetia  in  14  A.  d.*  Similar 
vexillationes  may  well  have  been  temporarily  quartered  in  the 
province  during  any  active  campaign,  as  for  example,  that  of  Cara- 
calla  in  213;"'  there  is  one  probable  reference  to  such  an  occur- 
rence under  M.  Aurelius." 

The  bricks  of  LEG  IIII  M'  and  LEG  VIII  AUG'  which  have 
been  found  in  Raetia  were  probably  brought  from  Germany. 

III.  The  Auxiliaries  in  Noricum. 
The  army  of  Noricum  in  69  a.  d.  consisted  of  one  ala  (I  Hispa- 
uorum  Auriana) ,  eight  cohorts  (including  I  Moutanorum  and 
perhaps  I  Asturum),  and  some  native  troops."  Before  lUO  A.  D. 
ala  I  Hispanorum  Auriana  was  withdrawn,  but  ala  ICommagenorum 
was  added,  so  that  the  total  force  in  the  province  remained  practi- 
cally unchanged  (three  alae,  six  cohorts).'"  A  great  increase  (to 
four  alae  and  fourteen  cohorts)  had  taken  place  by  153,"  an  increase 
which,  as  it  surely  began  under  either  Trajan  or  Hadrian,  and,  as 
far  as  we  know,  affected  the  northeastern  part  of  the  province, 
may  best  be  connected  with  Hadrian's  policy  of  strengthening  the 

1  Raetia  23. 

2  VIII.  2182 ;  2852.  p.  934 ;  see  Sch.  I.  811 ;  Cagnat,  p.  171. 

3  Inscriptions  mentioniug  legions  camped  in  other  provinces  are  rare:  leg.  XI  CI.:  HI. 
5773  f.;  leg gem.:   111.5778. 

♦Tac.  Ann.  i.  44.  6  (of.  i.  39.  2).  Ohienschlager's  suggestion  [Proif.  p.  7  and  n.  3)  that  th« 
7  log.  XX  of  CIL.  III.  5577  (Rott)  was  one  of  tliis  detachment  is  improbable;  tbeomiMioo 
of  the  legionary  cognomen  and  the  province  Britain  is  not  conclusive  proof  that  the  inscrip- 
tion is  early,  while  the  use  of  ligaturos,  the  orthography  (e.  g.  Nicc/oru(g)).  and  tho  iofrv- 
quency  in  this  region  of  monuments  of  the  early  empire,  all  militate  agaiust  hi*  bypuUic«i«. 

»  VI,  p.  351,  lines  20  S. 

«VI.  31871: praeposit.  v[exillationum  per  Ital.J  ot  Raot.   et  Noric.   [boUu  G«r- 

manico . 

'  III.  11990  [NeuburgJ.  »  HI.  11991  (Aalen ;  Stuttgart) ;  3S0*  (Saltbrxwn). 

»Tac.  Hitt.  iii.  5;  see  pp.  171,  213  fl.  i«P.  212;  D.  CIV.  "P.  173.  u.  3:  D   LIIV. 


212  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

Danubian  fortresses  of  Pannonia  superior/  That  Hadrian  visited 
Noricum  is  proved  by  senatorial  coins  marked  EXERCITVS 
NOmCVS  which  represent  him  in  the  act  of  addressing  troops.* 
The  arrival  of  a  legion^  soon  reduced  the  auxiliaries  to  a  position 
of  secondary  importance;  still  there  is  some  slight  indication  of  a 
later  (third  century?)  addition  to  their  strength/ 

ALAE  IN  NORICUM. 

Ala  Antoniniana  in  211/222  was  under  the  command  of  the 
legatus  leg.  II  Ital.^ 

Ala  Augusta  was  at  Virunum  in  the  third  century;*  it  is  per- 
haps the  same  as  ala  I  Augusta  Thracum.' 

Ala  celerum  may  have  been  at  Virunum  at  a  late  date.** 

Ala  I  Commagenorum,  which  in  106  a.  d.  was  in  Noricum/ 
must  at  some  time  have  garrisoned  Comagena. 

Ala  II  Flavia  pia  fidelis  miliaria:  see  p.  215. 

Ala  I  Hispanorum  Auriana^°  is  known  to  have  served  in  Nori- 
cum in  69  a.  d."  and  from  107  to  166  in  Raetia'^  in  or  near 
Weissenburg.'^ 

Ala  I  Augusta  Thracum:  see  p.  216. 

Alae  stationed  in  the  Danube  provinces,  Britain,  Upper  Ger 
many,    and    Mauretania,   are    mentioned    in    the    inscriptions    of 
Noricum.^* 

iSch.  L610f. 

2  Eckhel,  VI,  pp.  499  f. ;  Cohen,  II,  p.  155,  nn.  565-567.  3  P.  196. 

*  P.  213.  Kammel,  pp.  57  fE.,  gives  a  useful  summary  of  the  fortified  sites  in  Noricum  in 
the  third  century. 

5  Noricum  31;  PW.  I.  1229,  cf.  1225,  4;  Diz.  Ep.  I.  498. 

6C/L.  III.  4812  (238  A.  D.);  4834;  PW.  I.  1232  c.  7  p.  216. 

i  OIL.  III.  4832,  11506:  ARgaeo,  exarcho  alae  celerum,  viro  sagittandi  peritissimo,  vi 
militum  interemto,  Monna  marito  amantissimo.    PW.  I.  1236  f. ;  Diz.  Ep.  II.  150. 

9  D.  CIV;  OIL.  III.  5224  (Celeia) ;  5091  (Wolfsberg) ;  1436824  (Seitz) ;  PW.  I.  1238  f. ;  Diz. 
Ep.  II.  535;  Nowotny,  p.  271. 

lOQhl.  Prog.  pp.  40-42;  PW.  I.  1248;  CIL.  V.  4095. 

11  Noricum  3 ;  CIL.  III.  11749  (near  Semriach,  "  litt.  saec  primi ")  (omitted  in  PW.). 

12  D.  XXSV  (107  A.  D.) ;  D.  LII  (under  Hadrian?) ;  CIL.  III.  11911  (Emmezheim,  153  A.  D.) ; 
[D.  CXI]  (162  A.  D.) ;  D.  LXXIII  and  CIL.  V.  8660  (Concordia)  (166  a.  d.)  ;  VI.  3654. 

13 III.  11994  (teg.) ;  5925  (?) ;  D.  XXXV  (Weissenburg) ;  CIL.  III.  11911  (Emmezheim) ;  5899 
(Nassenfols). 

14  Ala  II  Asturum:  III.  152053;  I  Batavor.  co  :  5331;  I  (Fl.  Aug.)  Britannica  cc  (c.  R.  bis 
torq.  ob.  virt.) :  5211;  5212;  5214;  5215;  I  (Vesp.)  Dardanor.:  5044;  I  (Hispanor.)  Arvacorum: 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOBICUM    AND    BAETIA  213 

COHORTS  IN  NUKR'L  M. 
Cohovs  I  Aelia  [Seccrinnti]  siKjilta  riorum   mitidrin  rquiUita 
during  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus,'  und  jR-'rhaiw  considerably 
later,"'  garrisoned  the  frontier-  fortress  of  Asturn.* 

Cohors  I  Asturitm*  was  in  Noricum  from  10(5  a.  u.'  until  the 
third  century  at  least,"  giving  its  name  to  Astura.' 

The  co[h  [ors]  .  .]  Breuc{orum)  which  was  in  Noricum  during 
the  reign  of  Philip  (2^4/249)*  may  be  identical  with  the  cohors 
V  Breucorum  serving  in  Pannouia  in  80  A.  d.,*  although  neither 
of  the  inscriptions  of  the  latter  found  in  Noricum'"  in  itself  neces- 
sarily implies  the  presence  of  the  cohort  in  that  province. 

Cohors  I  Aelia  Brittoniiin  miliaria  was  located  in  Xuricum  in 
the  third  century." 

Cohors  I  Flavia  Brittonum  came  into  Noricum  from  Dalmatia" 
before  or  during  the  third  century.'* 

Cohors  I  Montanorum,  at  Virununi  in  the  early  empire,'* 
towards  the  end  of  the  first  century  was  sent  to  Pannonia.'^ 

5629;I(Pannonior.)Tamp(iaua):  5531;  5632;  II  Pannouior.:  5211;  5212;  [5214;]  5215;  111  Thr«- 
c(um) :  5332;  I  Tuug(rorum)  Frontonian(a) :  5331  (III,  p.24«9.  road  "fi-Iic«s  Tuogri,  12080,  S" 
tor  "  12030.  3") ;  alae  prov.  Mauretan.  Caes. :  5211.    Cf.  p.  165,  n.  4. 

Equites  of  unknown  troops  are  referred  to  in  III.  4753;  5057;  53U8;  5652;  117"J1. 

ini.  5647  (230  .\.  D.). 

2  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxiv.  45. 

3C/L.  III.  5645-47;  11857  (teg.).  It  had  formerly  been  stationed  in  Pauuunia  •up«riur, 
P\V.  IV.  329  f. 

♦  PW.  IV.  245  f. ;  Nowotny,  pp.  271  ff.  »  D.  CIV. 

^CIL.  VI.  3588:  L.  Cuspius  L.  f.  Cla.  luvai  Lautus  Norico,  mil.coh.  I  Ai>turuni  £.  Hacri- 

uiana  (217  218?) .    (Cichorius's  conjecture  as  to  the  date  (69  707)  is  incorrect,  if  Uacriai- 

ana  is  here  an  honorary  cotjiioineu.)  Other  inscriptions  of  tlie  cohort  arc :  III.  5539  ( luvaTum) ; 
4839;  11508  (Virunum) ;  5330  (Solva) ;  11708  (S.  Martin) ;  10507  (Aiiuincum) ;  XI.  6:07  (Pisaurum). 
The  restoration  of  the  numeral  in  the  last  one  (cf.  PW.  IV.  247)  is  fairly  certain,  both  on 
account  of  the  spacing  and  because  the  oflicor  moutionod  served  next  in  coh.  I  Fi.  Britton. 
which  was  in  Noricum  at  this  period.    Jung,  Dae.  p.  xv. 

'Nowotny,  p.  273.  8  c/L.  III.  5613.  11781  (WolhmOrting).  »D.XIII;  PW.  IV.  2W. 

ittC/L.  III.  5086  (Vail.  Lavantina) ;  5472  (Knittalfeld).  The  cohort  i*  also  montionod  ia 
X.  6102. 

Ji  III.  4812  (Virunum,  238  A.  D.) ;  IX.  5357  (Firmum).    See  n.  13. 

12PW.  IV.  263:  Diz.  Ep.  I.  1042  f. ;  Jung,  Doc.  p.  114. 

13  C/L.  III.  4811,  11504  (Virunum,  267  A.  D.);  .'.668  (Namara-Arlapa) ;  XI.  6337  (PiMuruoi). 
III.  5455  (Pfannberg)  may  belong  here  or  with  the  preceding  cohort. 

1*111.4844;  4846;  4847;  4849;  11554;  4838(7). 

i»PW.  IV.  316  f.  Ann.  Ep.  1903,  239  (Barua)  may  refer  to  any  one  of  iho  cohort*  of  this 
name. 


214  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

At  the  time  of  the  Notitia  dignitatum  a  cohort  was  stationed 
at  Boiodurum  and  another  at  Cannabiaca.' 

Some  cohorts  belonging  in  other  provinces  are  named  in 
Norican  inscriptions.^ 

LOCAL  MILITIA  OF  NORICUM. 

Besides  the  regular  auxiliary  forces  just  enumerated,  a  body 
of  local  militia  (Noricorum  inventus)  was  in  existence  in  69  A.  d.' 

OTHER  AUXILIARIES  OF  THE  LATER  EMPIRE. 

The  Notitia  dignitatum  gives  the  names  of  six  bodies  of  equites 
stationed  at  various  points  on  the  northern  frontier.*  Equites 
Dalmatae  Aquesiani  comitatenses  won  a  victory  in  Noricum  in 
310.^  The  latest  dated  inscription  of  the  province^  (370  a.  d.) 
records  the  completion  of  a  fortress  at  Ips  by  milites  auxiliares 
Lauriacenses. 

IV.    The  Auxiliaries  in  Raetia.' 

Very  little  is  known  of  the  army  of  Raetia  before  the  end  of 
the  first  century ;  light-armed  native  troops  were  there  from  the 
time  of  Augustus/  and  other  auxiliary  forces  by  69,^  the  total 
presumably  being  about  equal  to  that  of  Noricum.'"  Between  82 
and  107,  on  at  least  two  different  occasions  (82/90,  90/107), 
troops  were  brought  from  Germany,  Pannonia,  and  even  Africa,'^ 
so  that  the  diploma  of  107,'^  fortunately  preserved  entire,  assigns 
to  Raetia  four  alae  and  eleven  cohorts.  The  next  half-century 
or  so  (Trajan  to  Marcus)  shows  no  appreciable  change  in  the 
strength  of  the  army — three  alae  and  thirteen  cohorts  are  named 
in  the  diploma  of  166'^ — although  there  is  considerable  shifting 
of  soldiers  from  Germany  to  Raetia  and  from  Raetia  to  Noricum 

1  Occ.  xxxiv.  44  f . 

2  Coh.  I  B(a)etas(iorum)  c.  R. :  C7I,.  III.  5331;  II  GaUorum :  5211;  5212;  5214;  5215; 
III  HispanCorum):  152051;  I  Thrac(um  eq.):  11541;  I  Ub(iorum) :  13539  (teg.).  III.  4859  is 
uncertain. 

3  Tac.  Hint.  iii.  5  (p.  171) ;  see  p.  219,  n.  7  and  MB.  VII.  302  f. 

^Occ.  xxxiv.  31-36:  equites  promoti,  Ad  Mauros  and  Comagena ;  eqq.  sagittarii, 
Lentia  and  Lacufelix;  eqq.  Dalmatae,  Arlapa  and  Augustana  (=Trigisamum) ;  cf.,  perhaps, 
CIL.  III.  5821. 

5  III.  5565,  11771  (Bedaium) ;  cf.  Noricum  34.  6  III.  .5670  a.  7  Arnold,  pp.  47  fi. 

8  P.  219,  n.  8 ;  Jung,  Dae.  p.  127,  n.  1.  9  Pp.  215,  217. 

10  P.  211.  "Pp.  215  f.,  218  f.  12  D.  XXXV. 

13  D.  LXXIII ;  for  the  alae,  cf .  also  CIL.  V.  8660.  D.  CXI  (162)  seems  to  give  the  same  list 
as  D.  LXXIII;  D.  LXXIX  (after  145)  is  too  fragmentary  to  be  of  value. 


ADMINISTRATION-    OF    NORICI'M    AND    RAETIA  21  f) 

and  Pannonia.'  EXERCITVS  RAETICVS  occurs  on  bronze 
coins  of  Hadrian.'  After  the  arrival  of  legio  III  Italica,'  Boni« 
auxiliaries  were  removed  from  the  province.* 

ALAE  IN  RAETIA.* 

Ala  I  Flavin  Commagenorum  may  have  been  in  the  north  of 
Raetia  for  a  short  time  in  the  middle  of  the  second  century.* 

Ala  I  Flavia  fidclis  GemdUana  miliaria'  was  in  Raetia  162- 
166  A.  D.*  and  was  stationed  in  the  north,  perhaps  at  Ko.sching.* 

Ala  II  Flavia  pia  fidelis  miliaria^"  served  at  Aalen"  in  Raetia 
from  the  latter  part  of  the  first  century  until  some  date  between 
107"  and  153,"  when  it  moved  to  Noricum.  It  is  probably  iden- 
tical with  ala  II  Flavia  gemina,  which  was  in  Germany  until 
82/90 ;''  hence  the  title  pia  fidelis  may  have  been  won  in  8*^  during 
the  revolt  of  Saturninus. 

Ala  I  Hisjmywrum  Auriana:  see  p.  212. 

Ala  I  Flavia  Raetorum  was  at  Quint\^i^anae  (KUnzing)  in  the 
late  empire.'* 

Ala  II   Valeria  Sequanorum   in   the  early  part  of   the   fifth 
century  garrisoned  Vimania.'" 

Ala  I  Flavia  singularium  civium  Romanorum  pia  fidelis^^ 
formed  a  part  of  Vitellius's  army,'"  probably  stationed  in  Raetia." 

I  Pp.  215  f.  JEckhel,  VI,  p.  500;  Cohen,  II.  p.  156,  nn.  578-582.  »  P.  SB.  'Pp.  ««,  225. 
B  Ala  I  Siliana  torq.  c.  R. :  CIL.  III.  .5775  f.  (Abudiacom),  serred  in  Dacia  (PW.  I.  1261). 
«CIL.  III.  5906,  11907  (KOsching.  141  A.  D.);  11901  (Faimingen) ;  not  mentioned  in  the 

Raetian  diplomata  of  107, 162,  or  166. 

'  v.  538  names  a  decurion  and  Ann.  Ep.  1901,  101  (Oldenburg)  a  Teteran.  of  ala  I  Fl.  fJd. 
who  possibly  belonged  to  this  ala. 

SD.  CXI;  D.  LXXIII;  CIL.  V.  8660;  it  is  generally  stated,  e.  g..  in  Urban,  p.  1»;  PW. 
I.  1247,  that  this  ala  served  in  Raetia  from  64  on  ;  it  is,  however,  omitted  in  D.  XXXV  of  tba 
year  107,  while  the  diploma  of  64  (D.  Ill)  was  found  in  Noricum  (at  Gei»elbrechting\  not  in 
Raetia.  and  does  not  state  the  location  of  the  troop. 

9  CIL.  III.  11908;  cf.  11936  (Pfttnz). 

1"  PW.  I.  1241  f. ;  Diz.  Ep.  III.  154  f. ;  add  Ann.  Ep.  1905,  128. 

II  ORL.  Abt.  B,  no.  66;  CIL.  III.  14371  i.  J  (teg.). 

UC/L.  VI.32.-)5;  D.  XXXV  (107  A.  D.) ;  CIL.  III.  5822;  5823 (Auguna,  not  before  M.  Anrelioa). 

13D.  LXIV;  p.  173,  n.  3.       i«  D.  XIV  ;  D.  XXI.       i^iVof.  Di(m.  Occ.  xxxt.  23.       i« /^Id.  lO. 

I'PW.  I.  1261  f.;  Ann.  Ep.  1890,  151  (Concordia,  under  M.  Aurelius). 

i^Tac.  Hist.  iv.  70;  p.  171. 

"The  Raetic  auxiliaries  had  supported  Vitcllins  (Tnc.Hijf.iii.  5;  i.  70,  where  tho  fact 
comes  out  that  Caecina  anticipated  no  opposition  in  Raetia),  but  by  70  niu»t  have  tratu- 
ferred  their  allegiance  to  Vespasian,  for  Sextilius  Felix  apparontlr  met  no  resistance  In  hia 
march  through  Raetia  (see  n.  18).    Now  this  ala  appears  first  in  historj  under  the  command 


216  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

It  afterwards  supported  Vespasian,'  from  whom  it  secured  the  name 
Flavia.  After  fighting  in  Germany  in  70  against  the  Treveri  and 
the  Batavi/  the  ala  stayed  in  Grermania  superior  until  after  90 
A.  D.'  winning  the  title  pia  fidelis;  then  before  107  it  returned  to 
Raetia*  where  it  remained  until  the  third  century/  Its  camp  in 
that  province  was  probably  at  Pforing/ 

Ala  II  Valeria  singularis  occupied  Yallatum  under  the  later 
empire.' 

Ala  I  Augusta  Thracum,  which  was  in  existence  in  97/98 
A.  D.,*  was  in  Raetia  by  107/  and  was  sent  to  Trigisamum  in  Nori- 
cum  before  140/144.'"  It  gave  the  name  Augustana  to  Trigi- 
samum." 

COHORTS  IN  RAETIA.'^ 

Cohors  II  Aquitanorum  equitaia^^  between  107"  and  162'* 
moved  from  Germania  superior'^  to  Raetia,  where  it  was  located  at 
Castra  Regina," 

Cohors  III  Batavorum  miliaria  [equitata?],  in  Raetia  in 
107  A,  D,,'*  was  ordered  to  Pannonia  inferior  by  Trajan  or 
Hadrian.'^ 

of  Julius  Briganticus,  whose  surname  seems  to  be  connected  with  the  name  of  the  Eaetic 
tribe  Brigantes  (p.  165,  n.  4),  and  it  apparently  joined  the  German  army  at  the  same  time  as 
Sextilius  Felix,  though  it  was  not  with  him  in  Noricum.  May  it  not  therefore  have  been  in 
Raetia  and  come  with  him  from  there? 

1  OIL.  V.  875 ;  cf .  p.  215,  n.  18.  2  Tac.  Hist.  v.  20,  21 ;  of.  p.  215,  n.  18. 

3  Not  (as  Cichorius  says)  sent  to  Raetia  at  the  same  time  as  ala  II  Fl.  gemina;  see 
p.  215  and  D.  XXI. 

<D.  XXXV  (107  A.  D.) ;  D.  CXI  (162  A.  D.);  D.  LXXIII  and  OIL.  V.  8660  (166  A.  D.). 

8  III.  .5938,  11943  (Dntersaal,  231  a.  D.). 

«  III.  11909 ;  5912  (141  A.  D.).    Cf.  n.  5  and  III.  11995  (teg.,  Castra  Eegina). 

'  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxv.  26. 

«  CIL.  V.  7425,  under  Nerva,  not  Trajan,  as  Cichorius  asserts  in  PW.  I.  1263. 

9D.  XXXV;  cf.,  perhaps,  CIL.  III.  5819  (Augusta). 

10  III.  5654;  11796;  also  4806;  4839  (Virunum) ;  5340  (Solva) ;  IX.  .5357  (the  cursus  of  a  pre- 
fect who  had  formerly  been  trib.  coh.  I  Aeliae  Britton.,  see  p.  213) ;  Jung,  Dae.  p.  xv.  Cf. 
ala  Augusta,  p.  212. 

n  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxiv.  35. 

12 Cohors  classica,  CIL.  III.  5775,  5776  (Abudiacum),  did' not  belong  in  the  province. 

13 PW.  IV.  243;  Diz.  Ep.  I.  593  f.  (where  read  "nel  166  in  Raetia"). 

1*  D.  XXXV.  15  D.  CXI. 

15D.  XXI;  Ann.  Ep.  1903,  93  (teg.,  Arnsburg). 

17 D.  LXXIII  (166  A.  D.) ;  CIL.  III.  6537,  11993  (teg.) ;  11972  (7). 

18  PW.  IV.  252  f. ;  Diz.  Ep.  I.  982. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOKK  IM     AND     KAKTIA  217 

Cohvrs  IX  hdidvttruin  rnilinriii  cquitdtd  rjcpl[onitonim)* 
came  into  Raetia  between  107"  and  162;*  it  was  encamfM-d  at 
Weissenbur^/  and  later  at  PaBsau  (Batava  Cnstra).* 

Cohort  lir  and  cohors  V'  Bnic(irau<iHst(ituniiiii  wtvjhI  in 
Raetia  in  the  second  century;"  the  hittiT  {M-rhaps  ^'iivr  its  name 
to  Quintianae  (Kiinzing). 

Cohors  I  BrcHcoruin  (jtiitu/rfKiriti  VdU-ria  victrijr  his  Urr- 
qiiaUi  oh  virfntem  appelldta  {equitata  r) :"  in  Raetia  from  107'" 
to  211"  or  longer;  from  the  reign  of  Pius  in  c^mp  at  Pfttnz;'* 
under  the  charge  of  a  7  leg.  Ill  Ital.  htl|K'd  foitifv  Buhining  in 
181  A.  D.*' 

Cohors  III  Britaunorinn^*  was  in  Raetia  througliout  th*-  empire, 
being  stationed  at  Abusina.'^  Traces  have  l>een  discovfrcd  also  at 
Theilenhofen "  and  near  Castra  Regina."  At  some  tinu*  during 
the  first  century,'"  perhaps  in  69/70,'"  it  was  encamped  in  North 
Italy. 

1  Of.  p.  216,  n.  18.    /G.  XIV.  24;«(Mas8ilia^.  a  D.  XXXV. 

3 [D.CXI];  cf.  D.  LXXIII. 

*0RL.  Abt.  B,  no.  72,  p.  it,;  Taf.  XIII.  4  =  CIL.  III.  11918.  Lin.'  4  wa.-i  forni.rly  n^ad  e« 
p(rovincia)  B(ritannia),  for  a  discussion  of  which  ffc  Clnsii.  Hfv.  XVllI.  4.'>»;  XIX.  ■>  (tlip 
early  datP  proposed  in  the  latter  article  is  unlikely  in  view  of  the  hIn)pdc<>  of  the  cohort  io 
D.  XXXV). 

^Not.  Dign.  Occ.  ixxv.  24.  e  f'f.  n.  16. 

7  Pi'rhaps  previonsly  in  Germany,  CIL.  VI.  .V>.'ff. 

»D.  XXXV;  D.  LXXIII;  CIL.  VI.  1822;  .KSii: ;  other  iu»cripliout  of  uuciTtaui  refi  r.-uc« 
are  enumerated  in  PW.  IV.  2.'i6  f. ;  Diz.  Ep.  1. 1024. 

9PW.  IV.  257f.;  Diz.  Ep.  I.  1026. 

luD.  XXXV;  fD.  CXIl;   D.  LXXIII.  n  c/L.  III.  11«M  ;  I19.Y.. 

1.1  III.  11930;  11931  (1.38/161  A.  D.);  11933.  p  2328"  (ISS/IST))  (Raetia  16);  119.H4.  HWS  («1 
A.  D.);  11929;  11932;  [119.361.  11937-11939,  p.  2S28*'" ;  llWOci;  15210.  may  be  plac-d  her*  with 
some  decree  of  probability. 

•3III.U3702;   cf.  pp.  208,  189. 

■*  Much  confusion  in  the  notes  and  indices  to  CIL.  HI  and  el.sewhore.  in  rnuM>d  by  th^ 
absence  of  system  in  expandiuK  abbroviations  for  Britannorum.  Krittonnm,  Kritannira,  and 
Breucornm;  see  PW.  III.  861  f. ;  IV.  261  f. ;   lUz.  Ep.  I.  1042. 

"5  D.  XXXV;  D.  LXXIX;  D.  LXXni;C//..  III.  .^9:^,  (211  a.  u.) ;  Hl8«),  p.2a*8l  (212.  not  213 
A.  D.,  as  in  the  Corpus);  [11944]  (219  A.  D.  7) ;  11996  (low.) ;  14111b;  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxx».  25; 
Jung,  Doc.  p.  11.5. 

16C/L.  III.  13546  (tCK.) :  C  iTl  BR.  See  PW.  IV.  281 ;  ORL.  Abt.  B.  no.  71  <i,  pp.  II,  17  oa 
the  possibility  of  understandinjt  a  reference  to  coh.  Ill  Br(Mcarau(n)iUoornro)  or  Br(ltlo- 
nam)  instead  of  Br(itannorum). 

"  CIL.  III.  14119  (KumpfmOhl). 

•"V.  7717  (AuRUSta  Bagionnorum) ;  soe  aUo  PW.  IV.  32r)  on  Pain.  (7/..  V,  Addit.  810,811. 

'9Tac.  Hist.  i.70. 


218  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

Cohors  I  Flavia  Canatheiiorum  miliar-ia^  served  in  Raetia 
162-166  A.  D.'^  Tegulae  have  been  found  at  Kosching,  Pforing, 
Abusina,  Castra  Regina,  and  Stranbing.^ 

Co[h(ors)  .  .  .  c]ivium  Romano[r[um)  was  located  in  Raetia, 
perhaps  in  the  latter  part  of  the  first  century ;  its  identification  is 
quite  uncertain/ 

Cohoi's  IIII  Gallorum  was  in  Raetia  107-166  a.  d.^ 

Cohors  VI  Lusitanorum,  otherwise  unknown,  is  placed  in 
Raetia  by  a  newly  discovered  Greek  inscription *■  of  the  second 
century.'  As  it  is  not  included  in  the  Raetian  diplomata,  it  was 
probably  brought  to  the  province  after  166  to  take  the  place  of 
coh,  VII  Lusit.  eq. 

Cohors  VII  Lusitanorum  equitata^  towards  the  end  of  the 
first  century  was  transferred  to  Raetia  from  Numidia;^  it  returned 
to  Africa  after  166  a.  d.*" 

Cohors  III  Herculea  Pannoniorum  was  at  Caelium  in  the 
time  of  the  Notitia  dignitatum}^ 

Cohors  Herculea  Panrioniorum  occupied  Arbor  Felix'''  in  the 
late  empire. '^ 

Cohors  V  Valeria  Phrygum  in  the  fifth  century  held  Phiniana.^* 

Cohors  I  Raetorum^^  was  in  Raetia  107-166  a.  d.,  perhaps  at 
Schierenhof.'"  It  is  not  known  whether  this  was  the  same  as  the 
cohors  I  Herculea  Raetorum  which  was  at  Parrodunum  in  the 
later  empire." 

I  GIL.  VIII.  2394,  2395;  17904;  PW.  IV.  267;  Diz.  Ep.  11.  64. 

2D.  CXI;  CIL.  III.  5973,  11976  (Straubing) ;  D.  LXXIII;  CIL.  III.  5911  (?)  (Otling). 

3  III.  6001, 11992,  p.  232853  ad  n.  119992,  p.  2328202.  4  ix.  5362;   PW.  IV.  303. 

5D.  XXXV;  [D.  LXXIX] ;  D.  LXXIII;  CIL.  VIII.  9374.  Of  the  various  praefecti  coli. 
IIII  Grail,  who  are  rnumerated  in  PW.  IV.  290  f.,  OIL.  IX.  5357  gives  one  vyho  may  be  placed 
here  with  some  degree  of  probability,  inasmuch  as  his  entire  remaining  career  was  spent  in 
North  Italy,  Noricum,  and  Raetia,  see  pp.  213,  216. 

^IGR.  III.  56=1414  (Prusias,  Bithyaia).  The  note  on  III.  56  is  in  error  with  regard  to 
the  number  of  the  cohort. 

^  Bull.  Corr.  Hell.  XXV.  83,  n.  214.  «  PW.  IV.  313  t. ;  Cagnat,  pp.  250  f. 

9  D.  XXXV  (107  A.  D.).  10  D.  LXXIII.  h  Occ.  xxxv.30;  PW.  IV.  323. 

•2  A  Roman  camp  at  Arbor  Felix  is  assured  for  the  year  377  by  Ammian.  xxxi.  10.  20. 

13  Not.  Du/n.  Occ.  xxxv.  34.  i*  Ibid.  29. 

If'  PW.  IV.  .326.  CIL.  VI.  16:i5;  VIII.  9990;  XII.  4232  may  refer  either  to  this  cohort  or  to 
coh.  I  Rapt,  (cq.),  p.  223,  D.  LXXIX  has  either  [I]  or  [II]  Raet.  CIL.  III.  11924  is  quite 
uncertain. 

16  OIL.  III.  13547,  p.  2328202  (teg.).  Cf.  p.  219,  n.  2.  i'  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxv.  28. 


ADMINISTRATION    OP    NORK^l'M    AND    BAKTIA  H',) 

Collars  I J  lidcioruni  :^  in  tli*'  |)r<)viii.-.'  107  It)*')  a.  d.  ;  iniu\} 
apparently  at  Straubin*;.^ 

Cohors  VI  Valcrid  Ractorum  ocfupi^nl  Vennxnmoduruin  Jit 
the  time  of  the  Notitia  <ii<jiiHjiliim.* 

Cohors  III  Thnu'itm  vctcrniui  and  cohors  III  Thnwum  civium 
Roinanorum  were  in  Raetia,  107-16(5  a.  d.^  One  of  these  camo 
from  Pannonia  between  84*  and  107. 

LOCAL  MILITL\  OF  KAETL\  ■ 

Light-armed  native  troops  during  the  Hrst  <-«'nturv  supplf- 
mented  the  regularly  organized  auxiliaries.' 

OTHER  AUXILIARIES  OF  THE  LATE  PERIOD. 

The  following  entries  in  the  Notitio  (U(]nit(ttinn  give  infonim- 
tion  about  other  troops  in  Raetia: 

{Occ.  XXXV.  14)  equite.s  stal)le.siani  sriiiorcs,  Aui^ustaiiis. 

(15)  equites  stablesiani  iuuiores,  Pont«>  A|»>|ni,  nunc  Ffl)i;in|  i|.s. 

•(16)  equites  stablesiani  iimiores,  Suhmuntorio. 

(20)  praefectus  militum  Ursaricnsinni,  Guntiae. 

(31)  tribunus  f^eutis  piT  Raetias  (lt'|)utatar.  Trrinlis. 

Summary:  The  Defenses  of  Raetia,  150-200  A.  D. 
In  the  following  table  covering  the  latter  half  of  the  second 
century  an  attempt  is  made  to  present  a  concise  statement  of  the 
location  of  troops  in  Raetia,  such  as  is  given  for  a  later  date 
by  the  Notitia  diqnitatnrn.  The  period  chosen,  from  Antoninus 
Pius  to  Septimius  Severus,  is  the  one  of  greatest  im{K)rtanco  in 
the  military  history  of  the  Upper  Danube  —  the  {H>riod  of  con- 
struction, at  least  in  stone,  of  the  majority  of  the  castles  along 
the  limes  Raeticus.  The  evidence  is  unfortunately  too  scanty  to 
permit  of  a  similar  schedule  for  the  army  in  Noricum. 

1  PW.  IV.  327.  CIL.  V.  33.">8  jfives  the  namo  of  a  praofoctus  i-itlior  of  this  ctihurt  or  of 
coh.  II  Raot.  c.  R..  p.  223. 

iD.  XXXV;  D.CXI:  D.  LXXIII.        ^CIL.  III.  11997  (te«.).         ♦  Occ.  x«xt.  27 ;  rf.  p.  J24. 

5  D.  XXXV  ;  D.  LXXIII ;  CIL.  III.  58H0  (Haun.shoim) ;  perhaps  V.  2W1.     PW.  IV.  S38  f. 

«D.  XVI. 

TSee  Hermes,  XIX.  219  fT..  oapociully  p.  222.  u.  X;  XXII.  547  IT.:  illi.  VII.  33Gff.;  Allen, 
pp.  369  S. 

»CIL.  XIII.  1041: eyocatlo]  KeBatorum  D(;  Raoionim  cantollo  IrraTiu (Anirns- 

tan  age) ;  IX.  3044,  see  Raetia  1  (before  19  A.  d.)  :  V.  M6;  Tac.  Hist.  i.  «: R«Honiai 

iavBDtus,  9ueta  armis  at  more  militiae  oxHrcita  (69  a.  d.). 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 
ON  THE  LIMES  RAETIAE  AND  THE  UPPER  DANUBE. 


Castle 

ORL. 
Lief. 

Ahea in 
Sqdare 

Garrison 

Notes 

No. 

Name 

Metbesi 

64 

Schierenhof 

7 

20,410 

coh.  I  Raet. 

65 

Unterbobingen 

1 

20,043 

coh.            ? 

66 

Aalen 

23 

60,740 

ala  II  Fl.  p.  f.  00 

Till  107/153 

66a 

Urspring 
Heidenheim 

24 

17,874 

coh.            ? 

666 

13 

52,845 

? 

66c 

Faimingen 

59,532 

?  ala  I  Fl.  Comm. 

Till  141/162  ;cf. 
KOsching 

67 

Buch 

10 

20,950 

coh.            ? 

67a 

Halheim 

15 

6,724 

vexillatio  ? 

68 

Ruffenhofen 

4 

37,528 

y 

69 

Dambach 

15 

21,505 

coh.            ? 

70 

Gnotzheim 

22,475 

coh.            ? 

71 

Gunzenhausen 

6,800 

vexillatio  y 

71a 

Theilenhofen 

24 

27,440 

coh.  Ill  Br{?). 

Cf.  Abusina 

72 

Weissenburg 

26 

30,964 

ala  I  Hiep.  Aur. 

73 

Pftinz 

14 

27,390 

coh.  I  Breuc. 

Cf.  Bohming 

73a 

Bdhming 

7,410 

vexil.  leg.  Ill  Ital. 
vexil.  coh.  I  Breuc. 

After  181 

74 

Koeching 

50,000 

?  ala  I  Fl.  Comm. 
ala  I  Fl.  fid.  Gem.  oo 

Till  141/162; 
cf.  Faimingen 
After  107/162 

75 

PfOring 

16 

38,774 

ala  I  Fl.  6iDg.  c.  R. 

76 

Abusina 

18,000 

coh.  Ill  Britannor. 
?  leg.  Ill  Ital. 

ON  THE  DANUBE   BELOW  ABUSINA. 


Area  in 

Castle 

Square 
Meters 

Garrison 

Notes 

Castra  Regina 

237,000 

leg.  Ill  Ital. 
coh.  II  Aq.  eq. 

?coh.  IIIBr(?). 

Cf.  Abusina 

?  ala  I  Fl.  sing.  c.  R. 

Cf.  PfOring 

Straubing 

coh.  II.  Raet. 
?  leg.  Ill  Ital. 

Kunzing 

23,265 

coh.  V  Bracar. 

Paseau 

coh.  IX  Bat.  00  eq.  expl. 

Previously  at 
WeisBenburg 

I  The  maximum  size  of  a  garrison  ie  of  course  determined  by  the  size  of  the  camp,  one 
designed  for  a  cohort  (approximately  500  men)  being  about  20,000  square  meters.  See  ORL, 
and  Franziss,  pp.  132  £F. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NOBU^UM    AND    KAHTIA 
IN  CENTRAL  RAETIA. 


221 


Castlb 

Oaeumm 

Augusta 

?  leg.  Ill  Itel. 

LOCATION  UNKNOWN. 


GARRiaOM       % 

MT- 

Coh.  Ill  Bracar. 
Coh.  I  Fl.  Canath. 

Cf.  Theilenhofen 
Tegulae  at  KoBchiriK,  PfO- 

Coh.  nil  (Jail. 
Coh.  VII  (later  VI) Lusit. 
Coh.  Ill  Thr.  vet. 
Coh.  Ill  Thr.  c.  R. 
Local  militia 

riog,     Abusina.     Carttra 
Retina.   Straubing 

V.    The  Fleet. 
THE  FLEET  ON  THE  DANUBE. 

The  Upper  Danube  frontier  was  patroled  by  the  clna-^is  Pari- 
nonica,'  which  was  created  before  50  a.  d.^  niul  had  its  h«'ad(]uar- 
ters  at  Camuntiim.  Under  the  later  empire,  two  subdivisioii.s  of 
this  fleet,  classis  Lauriacensis  and  classis  Arlapensis  et  Ma^inen- 
sis,  were  stationed,  each  under  a  praefectus,  at  Lauriacum  and  at 
Arlapa  and  Comagena  resjx^ctively.'  Marines  (milites  libuniarii) 
belonging  to  legio  II  Italicn  at  loviacuui  and  legio  I  NoricDnini  at 
Fafiana  and  at  luenna  near  the  Drave,  co-(>jH»rat«'d  with  tliciii.' 

THE  FLEET  ON  LAKE  CONSTANCE.' 
Tiberius  won  a  naval  victory  on  Lake  Constance  while  en^a^^I 
in  conquering  the  Vindelici  (August  1,15  b.  c.).*  There  is  no  fur- 
ther record  of  a  fleet  on  the  lake  until  the  "praefectus  numeri' 
bar[bariJcariorum,  Confluentibus  sive  Brecantia"  of  th»»  Xotitia 
diynitatiim,^  nor  is  there  any  reason  to  lx«lieve  that  such  exist^ni 
while  the  Roman  authority  in  southern  Raetia  remaineil  undisputed. 

1  PW.  III.  2646  ff.;  Diz.  Kp.  II.  274.  'Tac.  Ann.  lii.  ». 

J  iVor.Dtan.  Occ.  xxxiv.  42  f.  « /bid.  57.  40  f. ;  pp.  IW.  3)4.  iPWIILSMll. 

ftStrabo.  vii.  1.  .'>:  Dio.  liv.  22.  4;  Hor.  Carm.  it.  14.  34;  .Scli.  I.  215. 

7  Hermen.  XIX.  221,  u.  .1.  *Oec.xxxf.M. 


222  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

VI.    Auxiliaries  Raised  in  Noricum  and  Raetia. 

From  the  earliest  times  the  tribes  inhabiting  Noricum  and 
Raetia  had  a  reputation  for  fierceness  and  bravery  in  war.^ 
Noric  equites  fought  under  the  Roman  standard,  even  during  the 
republic;'  one  cohors  and  one  ala  Noricorum  are  known  in  the 
first  century  of  the  empire  and  later.  Norici  more  commonly, 
however,  served  in  praetorian  and  urban  cohorts,  as  equites  singu- 
lares,  or  as  legionaries.' 

Raetic  alae,  five  or  more  in  number,  are  mentioned  in  the  Notitia 
dignitatum,  and  at  least  seventeen  cohorts  of  Raeti  and  Vindelici 
are  certain;  some  were  organized  by  Augustus  or  Tiberius,*  and 
all  about  which  we  have  information  were  in  existence  before  the 
time  of  the  Antonines.  Two  or  three  of  these  cohorts  served  in 
Raetia,*  two  or  three  others  in  Asia  Minor,*  five  in  Germania 
superior,*  and  four  in  Pannonia  or  on  the  lower  Danube.* 

ALAE  FROM  NORICUM. 

Ala  Noricorum^  in  the  first  century  was  in  Mainz,*  but  before 
74'  was  sent  to  Cologne,'"  and  later  to  Calcar."  Traces  elsewhere 
are  quite  uncertain.'^ 

COHORTS  FROM  NORICUM. 
Cohors  I  Noricorum  equitata^^  was  located  in  Pannonia"  (after 
the  division  of  the  province,  in  Pannonia  inferior'^)  from  80  to  167 
certainly,  and  probably  as  late  as  the  reign  of  Caracalla.'^ 

iSee,  for  example,  Hor.  Carm.  iv.  14;  Strabo,  iv.  6.8;  Veil.  ii.  95.  2;  App.  Illyr.  15;  Flor. 
ii.  22  (iv.  12) ;  Dio,  1.  28.  4;  liv.  22;  Priscian,  Periheg.  314. 

2Caes.  B.  C.  i.  18.  5.  3  P.  165,  n.  4;  Hermes,  XIX.  51  f.  ♦  Pp.  223  f. 

6  Pp.  223-225.  6  ('f.  n.  5;  p.  165,  n.  4. 

'  PW.  I.  1252.  8  CIL.  XIII.  7029;  7030. 

9  It  is  omitted  in  the  diplomata  of  Upper  Germany  beginning  with  D.  XI  of  the  year 
named. 

10  Bonn.  Jahrb.  LXXXI.  102 ;  LXXXII.  21 ;  CIRh.  285  (Durnomagus) ;  Ann.  Ep.  1901, 104 ; 
1906,99. 

11  CIRh.  168;  170;  175;  176;  179;  187;  191. 

12  CIL.  III.  237  (Zela,  Pontus) ;  10791  (Seisenberg,  Pann.  sup.). 

13  III.  10279  (Moh&c8,  Pann.  inf.) ;  PW.  IV.  319  f. 

14  D.  XIII  (80  A.  D.) ;  D.  XVI  (84  .\.  d.)  ;  D.  XVII  (85  A.  D.) ;  CIL.  IX.  5363,  5364. 

16  D.  LVIII  (under  Pius);  LXXIV  (167  a.  d.).  None  of  the  inscriptions  from  Pannonia 
which  has  been  referred  to  this  cohort  is  certain  (cf.  CIL.  III.  3300;  on  III.  3398  see  PW.  IV. 
315) ;  the  fragment  from  Raetia,  CIL.  III.  14370  13  (Castra  Rogina)  is  equally  doubtful. 


ADMINISTRATION    OF    NORICL'M    AND    BAETIA  *223 

LOCAL  MILITIA  FROM  NORICUM. 

See  p.  214  for  troops  stationed  in  Norirunj. 

It  is  possible  that  a  vexil(latio)  Kaotor(unn  vt  Noricor(um) 
which  served  at  Maucunium.  in  Britain  was  urganiztxl  as  local 
militia.' 

ALAE   FROM    RAETIA. 

Ala  I  Flavia  Raetorum  saw  service  in  Raetia,  see  p.  215. 

\^Alae  II.  Ill,  I  III  Rdctorum]  are  known  onlv  from  tht* 
existence  of  ala  V  Raetorum. 

Ala  V  Raetorum  was  at  Scenae  Veteranorum  in  Egypt  during 
the  late  empire.' 

COHORTS  FROM   RAETIA.' 

Cohors  I  Raetorum  was  stationed  in  Raetia,  see  p.  2 IS. 

Cohors  I  R(U'torum  equitata  served  in  Cappadocia  undfr 
Hadrian.* 

Cohors  II  Raetorum:  in  Raetia;    cf.  p.  219. 

Cohors  II  Raetorum  civium  Romanorurn  was  in  Germania* 
superior''  throughout  the  empire;  it  probably  was  one  of  the 
cohorts  which  fought  at  Idistaviso  in  10  A.  D. ;'  its  station  was  at 
Aquae  Mattiacorum  (Wiesbaden)  "until  about  the  time  of  Hadrian, 
when  it  moved  to  Saalburg.* 

[Cohortes  III  Raetorum]  are  known  only  from  the  »*xistence 
of  the  cohorts  with  higher  numbers. 

Cohors  I II I  Raetorum^°  formed  part  of  the  army  of  Moesia 
superior  in  93  a.  d.  ;"  it  also  fought  in  the  second  German  war  of 
M.  Aurelius  and  Commodus." 

1  VII.  212 ;  cf.  MB.  VII.  ao:\.  »  Not.  IHffn  Or.  xiriii.  SO. 

3  Hermes,  XIX.  215  f. ;   PW.  IV.  328  ff.,  350  f. 

«Arriau,  Ect.  i;  cf.  p.  224.  »  D.  XIV.  (82  a.  d.). 

•  D.  XXI  (90  a.  D.);  D.  XL  (116  A.  d.);   D.  L  (134  a.  d.);   CIL.  XIII.  724«;  cf.  p.  219.  o.  I. 

'Tac.  Ann.  ii.  17.  6;  cf.  p.  224. 

»C//..  XIII.  7583;  7.V<4 ;  p.  469  (U'k.»  ;  D.  XL  (116  a.  I).).  CIL.  XIII.  7047  (Maint);  8240 
(Worms)  also  perhaps  refer  to  Boldirr*  of  this  cohort. 

9XIII.  7462  (139  A.  D.);  746.'.  (212  A.  D.);  17166]  (222,-2Xi  A.  D.);  7444;  (7445;  74i21;  7457; 
7460;  [7468]:  7469;  7470;  CIRh.  1431  d  (tcR.);  L.  Jacobi.  Da*  ROmerkoMUll  Saatburg.  p.  SO. 
TeRulae  have  hIbo  been  found  at  Butzbach:    CIL.  XIII,  p.  447. 

10  X.  6976.  Ill),  cm.  laC/L.  VIII.  17W0.  cf.  p.  WI. 


224  STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 

Cohois  III  [  Raetorum  cquitata^  was  encamped  in  Oappa- 
docia  from  the  time  of  Hadrian  on,^  in  the  later  empire  being  at 
Analiba  in  Armenia.' 

Cohors  V  Raetorum  was  in  existence  under  Hadrian.* 

Coliors  VI  Raetorum  served  at  Vindonissa  in  Germania 
superior,^  and  was  in  existence  by  103/111.**  It  may  or  may  not 
be  the  same  as  cohors  VI  Valeria  Raetorum;  cf.  p.  219. 

Cohors  VII  Raetorum  equitata^  was  in  Germania"  superior" 
from  the  first  century;  it  was  located  at  Vindonissa,'"  and  later,  in 
the  early  part  of  the  third  century,  at  Niederberg  near  Coblenz." 

Cohors  VIII  Raetorum  civium  Romanorum  served  in  Panno- 
nia  under  Domitian.'^  It  won  the  title  civium  Romanorum  in 
Trajan's  Dacian  war,  afterwards  remaining  in  Dacia.'^ 

Cohors  Raetorum  et  Vindelicorum  in  the  first  century  formed 
a  part  of  the  army  in  Germania  superior;"  it  perhaps  fought 
under  Germanicus  in  16  A.  D.'* 

Cohors  Raetorum.  In  some  cases  it  is  quite  impossible  to 
decide  which  of  the  above  is  meant,'"  or  indeed  whether  there  is  a 
reference  to  cohortes  Raetorum  at  all.'' 

Cohors  I  Vindelicorum  {miliaria)  '**  probably  took  part  in 
Hadrian's  Jewish  war,'"  and  in  157  was  in  Dacia  superior.^" 

1  X.  6976.  The  uumbor  is  restored  with  a  fair  degree  of  probability  ia  XI.  3101,  the 
cursus  of  a  prefect  whose  remaining  military  career  was  in  the  East. 

i  Arrian,  Ect.  1 ;  p.  22.3.  3  Not.  Dign.  Or.  xxxviii.  2H. 

4  OIL.  VIII.  8934. 

»  Mommsen,  Inscr.  Helv.  344.  8,  9  (teg.) ;  OIL.  XIII.  5.382  (Veaontio). 

6  III.  5202.  ^  XI.  5669. 

»D.  XI  (74  A.  D.);  D.  XIV  (82  A.  D.);  C/L.  II.  3237. 

9  D.  XXI  (90  A.  D.) ;  D.  XL  (116  A.  d.)  ;   D.  L  (134  a.  d.). 

'"Mommsen,  Inscr.  Helv.  344. 10. 

n  C/L.  XIII.  7735;  7736  (under  Caracalla  or  Elagabalus) ;  7736  a;  p.  497  (teg.);  also 
7684  (Andernach) ;  p.  496  (HOhr) ;  p.  499  on  n.  7765  (Niederbieber). 

12  D.  XIII  (80  A.  D.) ;  D.  XVI  (84  a.  d.)  ;  D.  XVII  (85  A.  d.). 

li  D.  XXXVII  (110  a.  D.) ;  Jung,  Z)oc.  p.  121;  Vaschido.  p.  172. 

H  CIL.  XIII.  7048  (Mainz) ;   6242  (Worms).  i^*  P.  223. 

!(•  XI.  .5.387.  nCIRh.3. 

IH  CIL.  X.  4873;  Aim.  Ep.  1904,  24;  with  less  certainty,  CIL.  III.  3562;  11906. 

1''  So  Gichorius  (PW.  IV.  .350)  infers  from  the  name  of  the  soldier  for  whom  D.  LXVI  was 


w  D.  LXVI ;  CIL.  III.  1343;  perhaps  also  III.  8074.  25  (teg.),  cf.  8075.  1  /),  c  (teg.).    .Jung, 
Dae.  p.  122 ;  Vaschido,  p.  173. 


ADMINISTRATION    OP    NOKKTM     AND    BAHTIA  225 

Cohors  II  Vi^ndcUvorinii)  wms  pcrliaprt  liMat«'<I  at  ( '(iriiuntuiii 
in  Pannoiiia  sii|)eri()r.' 

\^Cohors  III  Vi)i({<'licorum\:   no  iiiHrriptioiirt  an*  j)n'rt«'rv»«<l. 

Cohors  III!  ViiuU'licornm  j^arriHoiuni  (iroHHkrot/JMilnir^'  in 
Germania'  superior*  and  there  manufactiin'd  bricks  for  uh»'  alon^ 
the  whole  German  limea.' 

LOCAL  MILITIA  FROM  KAETL\. 

In  the  early  empire  the  Raetie  militia  n'uiained  in  the  prov- 
ince;* after  the  arrival  of  the  legion  it  could  bt*  spared  for  service 
abroad/  So  during  the  second  and  third  centuries  a  vexillatio 
Raetorum  gaesatorura  was  stationed  in  the  north  of  Britain'  under 
the  command  of  a  trib(unus)  cohjortis)  I  Vang(  ionum),*  and  a 
[n(umeru8)]  g(a)esatoru[m]  garrisoned  Atuatuca  in  I-i«'lgi»^ 
Gaul.'" 

In  the  period  following  Diocletian,  Raeti  formed  a  part  of  the 
guard  of  the  comes  lUyrici,"  and  Raetobarii  (?)  attended  the 
magister  equitum  praesentalis  of  the  East.'* 

I  III.  15204fi. 

^XIII.  7410;  7411  (191  or  211  A.  n.);  74ir);  741H;  7U9;  p.  t4.'»  (t«»c.>. 

3D.  XI  (74  a.  d.). 

♦D.  XXI  (90  a.  d.);  [D.  XL)  (UH  a.  d.)  ;  D.L  (154  A. D.):  C//>.  XIII.  7.'ni  (He<l.l«rnh«iin). 

■'Te«?ulao  have  been  found  at  tho  foUowiuK  pointe:  .MtoburK  boi  W«lldOrn,  MilUtn- 
berg,  ObernbuFK.  Niedernborg,  Stockstudt,  Wiesbadon,  Mains.  Fri'  dborjr.  Ech»oll,  ArniburK. 
Langonhain.  Saalburg  {CIL.  XIII.  pp.  2t>4.  Ti^,  281,  2f<6  f.,  •>'i,  469,  ^fl.  440,  44.'i-447.  449).  Knld- 
berg  (ORL.  Abt.  B,  uo.  10,  p.  •>«) ;  am  Maisel,  .^Itohurg-Hpftrieh  (CIL.  XIII,  p.  4.Vi),  Hol»- 
hausoa  (ORL.  .\bt.  B,  no.  6,  p.  42),  .Vrzbach.  Niederboru.  Hfddn!«I.Tf.  N u»<lHrbieb»T  tCIL. 
XIII,  pp.  496-499);  Neuenheim  near  Heidelberg  (C//..  XIII.  p.  224).  Tho  brick*  in  (Uoti* 
(CIL.  III.  381*,  Salzbrnnn  near  Cambodanum)  were  brought  from  Frankfurt. 

6  P.  219. 

'  If  VIII.  2728  has  been  correctly  interpreted,  (Raeti)  gaMatas  wore  omplurod  at  Saldao 
in  Mauretania  Caesariensis  even  under  Pius  (147  l."»2  A.  d.). 

'•VIl.  731  (Aesica,  162'1B9  A.  d.)  ;  987;  988;  1002  (211  217  A.  D.)  (HabiUDciom) ;  KK.  VII, 
n.  1092  (Jedburgh  near  Edinburgh).    See  also  p.  223. 

»PW.IV.  346f.  10 C/L.  XIII.  35m. 

II  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  v.  4.3  =  191  ^  vii.  44.  '»  Not.  Dign.  Or.  ».  17  ^  5«. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES 


Th«  tollowlDg  list  conUlna  refcranco  to  Iha  mora  iniportuit  laKrlpUum  uid  pamt—  tr 
have  bMO  cited  or  utcd  In  thiiarticla.    I*k|(ci  on  whirlr  •  rwMllnii.dato,  or  lolarprvWUon  hu  b*«a  ducataad  or 
noted  ar«  Indicated  by  bold-faced  type. 


Anrel.  Vict,  de  Caes.  32  f 

Diqest.  ilviii.  18. 10,  pr. 

Dio.  Ixxvi.  9.  2f.    -    -    - 

Eutrop.  ix.  7     .... 

Not.  Diffii.  Occ.  xxxiv.  40  f 

XXXV.  14  ff 

Ptol.  ii.  13.  2      -    -    - 

Script.  Aurelian.  13.  I 

Bonos.  14.2    - 

Prot.  5-    -    - 


.ITKUAEY    HUL'UCEH. 


169,  n.  17; 192 

174 

179 

192 

204 

219 

16.1,  u.  9 

192 

19;< 

187.  n.  6 


Suet.  Tib.  16-    -  - 

Tac.  Ann.  ii.  63 

Hut.  i.  11  -  - 

i.68-  ■ 

i.  70  -  - 

iii.  5  - 

iv.  70  - 

VeU.  ii.  38.  3;  lOU.  5 

Zoe.  i.  40   -    -    -  - 


166,  B  9 

165,  D.9 

-  165.  n.  3 
.  219 

-  171 

-  171 

-  171;  215.  D 

166,  n.  9 

-  in 


U.     EPIORAPniCAL  SOUKCEB. 


II.  4114 

III.  875 


1017 

3270 

3521 

4039;  4656;  4796- 
4797 ;  4800  -  -  ■ 

4803 

4820 

4828 


4861 
S117;  t 
5154  - 
6161  ■ 
5162  - 
5163 
5166 
5171 
5179  • 
5181  f. 
5187 
5188 
5209 
S211 
5216 
5317 


6687 
5565 
6577 
6592 
6095 
6712 
6727 


178 

198, n.  3 
191  f. 
191 

199.  n.  7 
198,  n.  3 
181 

165,  n.  9 
201 

197,  n.  15 
165,  n.  9 
212,  u.  8 

200,  n.  9 
170,  n.  4 
201, n.  2 
173 

174 
172 
174 
172 
171 
174 

197,  n.  11 
200,  a.  13 
181 
186 

179,  n.  6 
176 
181 
174 
179 
•  180 
211,11.4 
202,  n. 12 
170,  n.  6 


III.  5775-5777 
5785;  5788 
5793  -  - 
5810;  .5862 
5874  - 
6876  - 
BaS7  ■ 
5M2  - 
5953  • 
5976  • 
11543  ■ 
11551  - 
11743 
11826 
118Z7 
11806 
11918  - 
11933  • 
11947  • 
11900- 
U9aB- 
11999- 

1436J 

14370- 

14370" 

14370«» 

16306  - 

152081 

P.24K9 

D.  XXXV 
LXIV 
LXXIIl 
XCVIII 
V.  4«.  p.  1106    ■ 

lM8f. - 


lie 

198 
187 

193 
190 

30K,  n.  ' 

208,  n.  4 

•JOl-..  u.  2 

209,  nn.  7, 
165,  n.  9;  i 
171 

179 
174 

170,  n.  6 
181  n. 3 
217,  D.  4 
189 

176,  n.  3 
217,0-16 
18» 
192 

206,  n.  10 
176  f. 
Ih9 
194 

E2.  n.  15 
17» 
180 

212.  D.  14 
•  IM 

-  178 
.  187 

-  ITJ 

-  903,  n.  2 
170 

187 


227 


228 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


V.  4360 179 

7425 216,  n.  8 

VI.  1377 196 

1428 187,  n.  6 

1450 207,  n.  9 

1546 165,  n.  9;  177 

1599 165,11.9;  172 

1636 199,  n.  11 

3588 213,  n.  7 

31871 211,  n.  6 

VIII.  2482 198,  n.  3 

2615 180 

2728 225,  n.  7 

2852 198,  n.  3 

7062;  7064    -    -    -    -  190 

9363 165,  n.  9 ; 

167,n.l0;176 
12442 178 

IX.  2213 180 

2593 196,   n.   6; 

201,  n.  5 


GIL.      IX.  3044  ------  185 

4753 165.  n.  9;  171 

4964 177 

53.57 218,  n.  5 

X.  3849 176 

5398 191 

XI.  3101 224,  n.  1 

6221 186 

6337 213,  n.  6 

XII.  1857 173 

XIII.  1041 219,  n.  8 

6806 188 

Ann.  Ep.  1890,  nn.  135f.    -    -    -  188 

IGR.  I.  678 199,  n.  7 

969;  971 188 

III.  56 218,  n.  6 

Jahresh.  d.  dst.-arch.  Inst.  VII, 

Beibl.  23ff. 185 

Notiz.  d.  Scavt,  1885,  p.  175  -    -  187 


INDEX 


S««  alao  the  liito  of  Rovanion,  pp.  Ili3-tt4,  IM,  'IW,  ui 
207-JIO 

Adloctus  annonae,  209 

Alae.  212,  215f.,  222f. 

C.  Antonius  Rufus,  170,  n.  4 

Aquiliferi,  209 

Arcbaistic  inscription,  187 

M.  Aiijidius  Victorinut.  185,  n.  1 

M.  Aurelius  Probus,  187,  n.  6 

Auxiliaries,  211-225 

Btjueticiarii,  166f.,  182f.,  201  f.,  20e 
Buri,  207 

Caecina,  215,  n.  19 

C.  Caerellius  Sabinus,  188.  n.  1 

Centuriones.  200,  208,  217 

M.  ClauditiS  Fronto,  196 

M.  Claudiu*  Paternus,  177 

Cohortes,  213f.,  216-219,  222-225 

(^olloquial  usage  iu  official  titles,  165,  n.  9; 

168-170;  179,  n.  5;  200,  n.  11 
Cornicinee,  202 
(lornicularii,  209 
Cnstodes  armorum,  202,  210 

Dacia,  191f. 

Daci,  199 

Dilectator,  196 

L.  Domitius  Ahenoharbus,  185,  n.  1 

Duces,  169f.,  178,  180f.,  184,  192f.,  195,  199,  207 

Duplarii,  202,  210 

Emperors  (cf.  pp.  lK2ff.,  194f.): 

AuRusius,  222 

Tiberius,  221  f. 

Viteliius,  215 

Hadrian,  211  f..  215 

M.  Aureliu8.196f.,  205,  211 

Soptimius  Severus,  178,  180,  197,  206 

Alexander  Severus,  169 

Gor.lian,  197 

Gallienus,  198,206 

Valerian,  19J,  198,  211 

Diocletian,  169;  170,  n.  2 
Enlistment,  age  of,  196,  n.  6 
Equitos  (leK.),  210 
Exacti.  209 
Exportation  of  bricks,  199;  205;  206.  n.  10;  225 

Fleet,  221 

Frumentarii.  200,  n.  9;  202;  209 


of  nianbrn  of  !•«     It   Iwl    ud  l««    III  11*1  .  pf    !•»-»«, 

Gaesati,  225 

M.  Gaviu»  Miirimu*,  174 

Goths,  199 

/'.  Helviut  Prrltniur.  IK'.,  n.  I  ;  IK.  u.  1 

hudiuK,  187,  D.  6 

Imaciniferi,  309 

Immunoti,  202,  210 

luliua  HriganticuM,  171 ;  215,  n.  19 

lasKladi,  166;  185.  n.  5 

LcKati,  188,  177  IWt,  IWf.,  187-192,  IWf.;  300. 


n.  11 


IW;  300,  D.  5 


Lpffionary  tit  Irs.  rfnowal  of, 
Legiones  (cf.  p.  205,  n.  3) : 

ladi..  197.  n.  1 

I  Germ.,  211 

I  Nor.,  204f.,  221 

II  adi.,  198,  n.  .', 
II  It«l.: 

history.  IW  199.  205 f..  221 

niHmb.rs,  168.  177-181.  I83f..  199-204.  212 

II  Traiana.  19f. 

III  Au«.,  192.  n.5:  198.  n.  .'»;  300;  211 
III  Gnll.  (fclixK  187,  n.  6 

III  Itai.,  165.  21.'..  225 

history,  196,  n.  4;  205-30;;  230f. 
mombors,  168;  187-196;  300.  n.  2;  207-210; 
217 

IV  Flavia.  18H 

IV  Mnced..211 

V  Marr>d.,  198.  ii.  .<? 
VIII  AuK.  211 

X  gem..  181.  n.  .1 

XI  ri.,21I,  u.-.i 

XIII  gem..  174.  n.5;  191 

XX  V  v.,  211 
Librarii.  ?00.  n.  11;  301;  309 
Local  militia.  214,  219.  22S.  22S 

Medici,  202.  210 

llilit<»s  legionarii.  196.  n.fi;  3nS  f . ;  210 

Noricnni : 
army,  196  2a'..  211  214.  2Z1-2ZS 
government.  165  184 
name.  165.  n.  9;  178.  n.  S 
relation  to  Pannonia,  W9;  ITS.  n.  S:  MM.; 

184,  ir8f..20lf..221 
relation  to  Rartia.  161  f.;  173, n.  7;  MB,  n. 


2251 


230 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


Sex.  Oppius  Priscus,  185  n.  1 
Optiones,  202,  209 
Ordinarii,  200 

Pollenius  Auspex,  179,  n.  2 
Polliones.  210 
Praefecti  classis,  221 

legionis,  199,  204,  206f. 

proviuciae,  165f.;  168,  n.  1;  185;  194 
Praesides,  169f. ;  179,  n.  5;  181,  184,  193-195 
Primipilares,  200 
Primipili  II,  168;  170,  n.  5 
Principales,  200-202,  208-210 
Procuratores,  165-168,  170-177,  182  f.,  185-187, 

194 
Pro  legato,  165,  187 
Protectores,  200,  n.  5 


Quinquefa 


165,  n.  i 


},  177,  188 


Eaetia : 

army,  205-211,  214-225 

government  (cf.  Noricum),  165-170,  ia5-195 
M.  Roscius  Murena,  188 

Signiferi,  202,  209 
Speculatores,  204 
Stratores,  200,  n.  11 ;  201 

Tesserarii,  202 
Tribuni  leg.,  199,  207 
Tubicines,  210 

Ulpius  Valerius,  204 

Vallis  Poenina,  165,  185,  187 

Veteran!  leg.,  201,  n.  9;  202,  n.  14;  204;  209, 

n.  13;  210f. 
Vindelicia,  165,  177,  185-187,  221f.,  224f. 


COSSfi'liaiM 


Jiny 


;yv^ 


V<3 


T5?=^r  r^. 


